Initial (g)RPC implementation

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
 
       - name: Run cargo check
-        run: cargo check --all-features
+        run: cargo check
 
   test:
     name: Test suite

.github/workflows/loom.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ on:
       - 'asynchronix/src/model/ports/broadcaster.rs'
       - 'asynchronix/src/model/ports/broadcaster/**'
       - 'asynchronix/src/util/slot.rs'
-      - 'asynchronix/src/util/spsc_queue.rs'
       - 'asynchronix/src/util/sync_cell.rs'
 
 jobs:

asynchronix/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,17 +20,26 @@ categories = ["simulation", "aerospace", "science"]
 keywords = ["simulation", "discrete-event", "systems", "cyberphysical", "real-time"]
 autotests = false
 
+
 [features]
-serde = ["dep:serde"]
+# Remote procedure call API.
+rpc = ["dep:rmp-serde", "dep:serde", "dep:tonic", "dep:prost", "dep:prost-types", "dep:bytes"]
+# This feature forces protobuf/gRPC code (re-)generation.
+rpc-codegen = ["dep:tonic-build"]
+# gRPC server.
+grpc-server = ["rpc", "dep:tokio"]
 # API-unstable public exports meant for external test/benchmarking; development only.
 dev-hooks = []
 # Logging of performance-related statistics; development only.
 dev-logs = []
 
+
 [dependencies]
+# Mandatory dependencies.
 async-event = "0.1"
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8"
 diatomic-waker = "0.1"
+futures-channel = "0.3"
 futures-task = "0.3"
 multishot = "0.3.2"
 num_cpus = "1.13"
@@ -39,21 +48,34 @@ recycle-box = "0.2"
 slab = "0.4"
 spin_sleep = "1"
 st3 = "0.4"
+tai-time = "0.3"
+
+# Common RPC dependencies.
+bytes = { version = "1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+prost = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
+prost-types = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
+rmp-serde = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
+serde = { version = "1", optional = true }
+
+# gRPC dependencies.
+tokio = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
+tonic = { version = "0.11", optional = true }
 
-[dependencies.serde]
-version = "1"
-optional = true
-features = ["derive"]
 
 [target.'cfg(asynchronix_loom)'.dependencies]
 loom = "0.5"
 waker-fn = "1.1"
 
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 futures-util = "0.3"
-futures-channel = "0.3"
 futures-executor = "0.3"
 
+
+[build-dependencies]
+tonic-build = { version = "0.11", optional = true }
+
+
 [[test]]
 name = "integration"
 path = "tests/tests.rs"

asynchronix/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    #[cfg(feature = "rpc-codegen")]
+    let builder = tonic_build::configure()
+        .build_client(false)
+        .out_dir("src/rpc/codegen/");
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "rpc-codegen", not(feature = "grpc-server")))]
+    let builder = builder.build_server(false);
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "rpc-codegen")]
+    builder.compile(
+        &["simulation.proto", "custom_transport.proto"],
+        &["src/rpc/api/"],
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

asynchronix/examples/espresso_machine.rs

@@ -35,9 +35,10 @@ use std::future::Future;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use asynchronix::model::{InitializedModel, Model, Output};
+use asynchronix::model::{InitializedModel, Model};
+use asynchronix::ports::{EventSlot, Output};
 use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
-use asynchronix::time::{EventKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
+use asynchronix::time::{ActionKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
 
 /// Water pump.
 pub struct Pump {
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ pub struct Controller {
     water_sense: WaterSenseState,
     /// Event key, which if present indicates that the machine is currently
     /// brewing -- internal state.
-    stop_brew_key: Option<EventKey>,
+    stop_brew_key: Option<ActionKey>,
 }
 
 impl Controller {
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ impl Model for Tank {
 /// is non-zero.
 struct TankDynamicState {
     last_volume_update: MonotonicTime,
-    set_empty_key: EventKey,
+    set_empty_key: ActionKey,
     flow_rate: f64,
 }
 
@@ -364,7 +365,8 @@ fn main() {
     pump.flow_rate.connect(Tank::set_flow_rate, &tank_mbox);
 
     // Model handles for simulation.
-    let mut flow_rate = pump.flow_rate.connect_slot().0;
+    let mut flow_rate = EventSlot::new();
+    pump.flow_rate.connect_sink(&flow_rate);
     let controller_addr = controller_mbox.address();
     let tank_addr = tank_mbox.address();
 
@@ -387,48 +389,48 @@ fn main() {
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t);
 
     // Brew one espresso shot with the default brew time.
-    simu.send_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
 
     simu.step();
     t += Controller::DEFAULT_BREW_TIME;
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t);
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(0.0));
 
     // Drink too much coffee.
     let volume_per_shot = pump_flow_rate * Controller::DEFAULT_BREW_TIME.as_secs_f64();
     let shots_per_tank = (init_tank_volume / volume_per_shot) as u64; // YOLO--who cares about floating-point rounding errors?
     for _ in 0..(shots_per_tank - 1) {
-        simu.send_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
+        simu.process_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
-        assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
+        assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
         simu.step();
         t += Controller::DEFAULT_BREW_TIME;
         assert_eq!(simu.time(), t);
-        assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(0.0));
+        assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(0.0));
     }
 
     // Check that the tank becomes empty before the completion of the next shot.
-    simu.send_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
     simu.step();
     assert!(simu.time() < t + Controller::DEFAULT_BREW_TIME);
     t = simu.time();
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(0.0));
 
     // Try to brew another shot while the tank is still empty.
-    simu.send_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
-    assert!(flow_rate.take().is_none());
+    assert!(flow_rate.next().is_none());
 
     // Change the brew time and fill up the tank.
     let brew_time = Duration::new(30, 0);
-    simu.send_event(Controller::brew_time, brew_time, &controller_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Controller::brew_time, brew_time, &controller_addr);
-    simu.send_event(Tank::fill, 1.0e-3, tank_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Tank::fill, 1.0e-3, tank_addr);
-    simu.send_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
 
     simu.step();
     t += brew_time;
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t);
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(0.0));
 
     // Interrupt the brew after 15s by pressing again the brew button.
     simu.schedule_event(
@@ -438,11 +440,11 @@ fn main() {
         &controller_addr,
     )
     .unwrap();
-    simu.send_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Controller::brew_cmd, (), &controller_addr);
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(pump_flow_rate));
 
     simu.step();
     t += Duration::from_secs(15);
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t);
-    assert_eq!(flow_rate.take(), Some(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(flow_rate.next(), Some(0.0));
 }

asynchronix/examples/power_supply.rs

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 //!                       │          ├───────────────────────────────▶ Total power
 //!                       └──────────┘    
 //! ```
-use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output, Requestor};
+use asynchronix::model::Model;
+use asynchronix::ports::{EventSlot, Output, Requestor};
 use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
 use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
 
@@ -124,10 +125,14 @@ fn main() {
     psu.pwr_out.connect(Load::pwr_in, &load3_mbox);
 
     // Model handles for simulation.
-    let mut psu_power = psu.power.connect_slot().0;
+    let mut psu_power = EventSlot::new();
-    let mut load1_power = load1.power.connect_slot().0;
+    let mut load1_power = EventSlot::new();
-    let mut load2_power = load2.power.connect_slot().0;
+    let mut load2_power = EventSlot::new();
-    let mut load3_power = load3.power.connect_slot().0;
+    let mut load3_power = EventSlot::new();
+    psu.power.connect_sink(&psu_power);
+    load1.power.connect_sink(&load1_power);
+    load2.power.connect_sink(&load2_power);
+    load3.power.connect_sink(&load3_power);
     let psu_addr = psu_mbox.address();
 
     // Start time (arbitrary since models do not depend on absolute time).
@@ -153,14 +158,14 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Vary the supply voltage, check the load and power supply consumptions.
     for voltage in [10.0, 15.0, 20.0] {
-        simu.send_event(PowerSupply::voltage_setting, voltage, &psu_addr);
+        simu.process_event(PowerSupply::voltage_setting, voltage, &psu_addr);
 
         let v_square = voltage * voltage;
-        assert!(same_power(load1_power.take().unwrap(), v_square / r1));
+        assert!(same_power(load1_power.next().unwrap(), v_square / r1));
-        assert!(same_power(load2_power.take().unwrap(), v_square / r2));
+        assert!(same_power(load2_power.next().unwrap(), v_square / r2));
-        assert!(same_power(load3_power.take().unwrap(), v_square / r3));
+        assert!(same_power(load3_power.next().unwrap(), v_square / r3));
         assert!(same_power(
-            psu_power.take().unwrap(),
+            psu_power.next().unwrap(),
             v_square * (1.0 / r1 + 1.0 / r2 + 1.0 / r3)
         ));
     }

asynchronix/examples/stepper_motor.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ use std::future::Future;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use asynchronix::model::{InitializedModel, Model, Output};
+use asynchronix::model::{InitializedModel, Model};
+use asynchronix::ports::{EventBuffer, Output};
 use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
 use asynchronix::time::{MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
 
@@ -200,7 +201,8 @@ fn main() {
     driver.current_out.connect(Motor::current_in, &motor_mbox);
 
     // Model handles for simulation.
-    let mut position = motor.position.connect_stream().0;
+    let mut position = EventBuffer::new();
+    motor.position.connect_sink(&position);
     let motor_addr = motor_mbox.address();
     let driver_addr = driver_mbox.address();
 
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ fn main() {
     assert!(position.next().is_none());
 
     // Increase the load beyond the torque limit for a 1A driver current.
-    simu.send_event(Motor::load, 2.0, &motor_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Motor::load, 2.0, &motor_addr);
 
     // Advance simulation time and check that the motor is blocked.
     simu.step();
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Decrease the load below the torque limit for a 1A driver current and
     // advance simulation time.
-    simu.send_event(Motor::load, 0.5, &motor_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Motor::load, 0.5, &motor_addr);
     simu.step();
     t += Duration::new(0, 100_000_000);
 
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Now make the motor rotate in the opposite direction. Note that this
     // driver only accounts for a new PPS at the next pulse.
-    simu.send_event(Driver::pulse_rate, -10.0, &driver_addr);
+    simu.process_event(Driver::pulse_rate, -10.0, &driver_addr);
     simu.step();
     t += Duration::new(0, 100_000_000);
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t);

asynchronix/src/channel.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use std::error;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::atomic::{self, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ impl<M: Model> Receiver<M> {
     /// time, but an identifier may be reused after all handles to a channel
     /// have been dropped.
     pub(crate) fn channel_id(&self) -> ChannelId {
-        ChannelId(NonZeroUsize::new(&*self.inner as *const Inner<M> as usize).unwrap())
+        ChannelId(&*self.inner as *const Inner<M> as usize)
     }
 }
 
@@ -255,8 +254,8 @@ impl<M: Model> Sender<M> {
     /// All channels are guaranteed to have different identifiers at any given
     /// time, but an identifier may be reused after all handles to a channel
     /// have been dropped.
-    pub(crate) fn channel_id(&self) -> ChannelId {
+    pub(crate) fn channel_id(&self) -> usize {
-        ChannelId(NonZeroUsize::new(&*self.inner as *const Inner<M> as usize).unwrap())
+        Arc::as_ptr(&self.inner) as usize
     }
 }
 
@@ -369,7 +368,7 @@ where
 
 /// Unique identifier for a channel.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub(crate) struct ChannelId(NonZeroUsize);
+pub(crate) struct ChannelId(usize);
 
 impl fmt::Display for ChannelId {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {

asynchronix/src/channel/queue.rs

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ struct Slot<T: ?Sized> {
     message: UnsafeCell<MessageBox<T>>,
 }
 
-/// An fast MPSC queue that stores its items in recyclable boxes.
+/// A fast MPSC queue that stores its items in recyclable boxes.
 ///
 /// The item may be unsized.
 ///

asynchronix/src/executor.rs

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Executor {
     active_tasks: Arc<Mutex<Slab<CancelToken>>>,
     /// Parker for the main executor thread.
     parker: Parker,
-    /// Join handles of the worker threads.
+    /// Handles to the worker threads.
     worker_handles: Vec<JoinHandle<()>>,
 }
 

asynchronix/src/lib.rs

@@ -36,18 +36,18 @@
 //!
 //! Models can contain four kinds of ports:
 //!
-//! * _output ports_, which are instances of the [`Output`](model::Output) type
+//! * _output ports_, which are instances of the [`Output`](ports::Output) type
 //!   and can be used to broadcast a message,
 //! * _requestor ports_, which are instances of the
-//!   [`Requestor`](model::Requestor) type and can be used to broadcast a
+//!   [`Requestor`](ports::Requestor) type and can be used to broadcast a
 //!   message and receive an iterator yielding the replies from all connected
 //!   replier ports,
 //! * _input ports_, which are synchronous or asynchronous methods that
-//!   implement the [`InputFn`](model::InputFn) trait and take an `&mut self`
+//!   implement the [`InputFn`](ports::InputFn) trait and take an `&mut self`
 //!   argument, a message argument, and an optional
 //!   [`&Scheduler`](time::Scheduler) argument,
 //! * _replier ports_, which are similar to input ports but implement the
-//!   [`ReplierFn`](model::ReplierFn) trait and return a reply.
+//!   [`ReplierFn`](ports::ReplierFn) trait and return a reply.
 //!
 //! Messages that are broadcast by an output port to an input port are referred
 //! to as *events*, while messages exchanged between requestor and replier ports
@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@
 //! `Multiplier` could be implemented as follows:
 //!
 //! ```
-//! use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+//! use asynchronix::model::Model;
+//! use asynchronix::ports::Output;
 //!
 //! #[derive(Default)]
 //! pub struct Multiplier {
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@
 //!
 //! ```
 //! use std::time::Duration;
-//! use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+//! use asynchronix::model::Model;
+//! use asynchronix::ports::Output;
 //! use asynchronix::time::Scheduler;
 //!
 //! #[derive(Default)]
@@ -166,7 +168,8 @@
 //! ```
 //! # mod models {
 //! #     use std::time::Duration;
-//! #     use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+//! #     use asynchronix::model::Model;
+//! #     use asynchronix::ports::Output;
 //! #     use asynchronix::time::Scheduler;
 //! #     #[derive(Default)]
 //! #     pub struct Multiplier {
@@ -193,6 +196,7 @@
 //! #     impl Model for Delay {}
 //! # }
 //! use std::time::Duration;
+//! use asynchronix::ports::EventSlot;
 //! use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
 //! use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
 //!
@@ -217,7 +221,8 @@
 //! delay1.output.connect(Delay::input, &delay2_mbox);
 //!
 //! // Keep handles to the system input and output for the simulation.
-//! let mut output_slot = delay2.output.connect_slot().0;
+//! let mut output_slot = EventSlot::new();
+//! delay2.output.connect_sink(&output_slot);
 //! let input_address = multiplier1_mbox.address();
 //!
 //! // Pick an arbitrary simulation start time and build the simulation.
@@ -239,23 +244,20 @@
 //!    deadline using for instance
 //!    [`Simulation::step_by()`](simulation::Simulation::step_by).
 //! 2. by sending events or queries without advancing simulation time, using
-//!    [`Simulation::send_event()`](simulation::Simulation::send_event) or
+//!    [`Simulation::process_event()`](simulation::Simulation::process_event) or
-//!    [`Simulation::send_query()`](simulation::Simulation::send_query),
+//!    [`Simulation::send_query()`](simulation::Simulation::process_query),
 //! 3. by scheduling events, using for instance
 //!    [`Simulation::schedule_event()`](simulation::Simulation::schedule_event).
 //!
-//! When a simulation is initialized via
+//! When initialized with the default clock, the simulation will run as fast as
-//! [`SimInit::init()`](simulation::SimInit::init) then the simulation will run
+//! possible, without regard for the actual wall clock time. Alternatively, the
-//! as fast as possible, without regard for the actual wall clock time.
+//! simulation time can be synchronized to the wall clock time using
-//! Alternatively, it is possible to initialize a simulation via
+//! [`SimInit::set_clock()`](simulation::SimInit::set_clock) and providing a
-//! [`SimInit::init_with_clock()`](simulation::SimInit::init_with_clock) to bind
+//! custom [`Clock`](time::Clock) type or a readily-available real-time clock
-//! the simulation time to the wall clock time using a custom
+//! such as [`AutoSystemClock`](time::AutoSystemClock).
-//! [`Clock`](time::Clock) type or a readily-available real-time clock such as
-//! [`AutoSystemClock`](time::AutoSystemClock).
 //!
-//! Simulation outputs can be monitored using
+//! Simulation outputs can be monitored using [`EventSlot`](ports::EventSlot)s
-//! [`EventSlot`](simulation::EventSlot)s and
+//! and [`EventBuffer`](ports::EventBuffer)s, which can be connected to any
-//! [`EventStream`](simulation::EventStream)s, which can be connected to any
 //! model's output port. While an event slot only gives access to the last value
 //! sent from a port, an event stream is an iterator that yields all events that
 //! were sent in first-in-first-out order.
@@ -266,7 +268,8 @@
 //! ```
 //! # mod models {
 //! #     use std::time::Duration;
-//! #     use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+//! #     use asynchronix::model::Model;
+//! #     use asynchronix::ports::Output;
 //! #     use asynchronix::time::Scheduler;
 //! #     #[derive(Default)]
 //! #     pub struct Multiplier {
@@ -293,6 +296,7 @@
 //! #     impl Model for Delay {}
 //! # }
 //! # use std::time::Duration;
+//! # use asynchronix::ports::EventSlot;
 //! # use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
 //! # use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
 //! # use models::{Delay, Multiplier};
@@ -308,7 +312,8 @@
 //! # multiplier1.output.connect(Multiplier::input, &multiplier2_mbox);
 //! # multiplier2.output.connect(Delay::input, &delay2_mbox);
 //! # delay1.output.connect(Delay::input, &delay2_mbox);
-//! # let mut output_slot = delay2.output.connect_slot().0;
+//! # let mut output_slot = EventSlot::new();
+//! # delay2.output.connect_sink(&output_slot);
 //! # let input_address = multiplier1_mbox.address();
 //! # let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
 //! # let mut simu = SimInit::new()
@@ -318,21 +323,21 @@
 //! #     .add_model(delay2, delay2_mbox)
 //! #     .init(t0);
 //! // Send a value to the first multiplier.
-//! simu.send_event(Multiplier::input, 21.0, &input_address);
+//! simu.process_event(Multiplier::input, 21.0, &input_address);
 //!
 //! // The simulation is still at t0 so nothing is expected at the output of the
 //! // second delay gate.
-//! assert!(output_slot.take().is_none());
+//! assert!(output_slot.next().is_none());
 //!
 //! // Advance simulation time until the next event and check the time and output.
 //! simu.step();
 //! assert_eq!(simu.time(), t0 + Duration::from_secs(1));
-//! assert_eq!(output_slot.take(), Some(84.0));
+//! assert_eq!(output_slot.next(), Some(84.0));
 //!
 //! // Get the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe & everything.
 //! simu.step();
 //! assert_eq!(simu.time(), t0 + Duration::from_secs(2));
-//! assert_eq!(output_slot.take(), Some(42.0));
+//! assert_eq!(output_slot.next(), Some(42.0));
 //! ```
 //!
 //! # Message ordering guarantees
@@ -406,6 +411,9 @@ pub(crate) mod executor;
 mod loom_exports;
 pub(crate) mod macros;
 pub mod model;
+pub mod ports;
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+pub mod rpc;
 pub mod simulation;
 pub mod time;
 pub(crate) mod util;

asynchronix/src/model.rs

@@ -65,8 +65,9 @@
 //! ### Output and requestor ports
 //!
 //! Output and requestor ports can be added to a model using composition, adding
-//! [`Output`] and [`Requestor`] objects as members. They are parametrized by
+//! [`Output`](crate::ports::Output) and [`Requestor`](crate::ports::Requestor)
-//! the event, request and reply types.
+//! objects as members. They are parametrized by the event, request and reply
+//! types.
 //!
 //! Models are expected to expose their output and requestor ports as public
 //! members so they can be connected to input and replier ports when assembling
@@ -75,7 +76,8 @@
 //! #### Example
 //!
 //! ```
-//! use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output, Requestor};
+//! use asynchronix::model::Model;
+//! use asynchronix::ports::{Output, Requestor};
 //!
 //! pub struct MyModel {
 //!     pub my_output: Output<String>,
@@ -90,9 +92,9 @@
 //!
 //! ### Input and replier ports
 //!
-//! Input ports and replier ports are methods that implement the [`InputFn`] or
+//! Input ports and replier ports are methods that implement the
-//! [`ReplierFn`] traits with appropriate bounds on their argument and return
+//! [`InputFn`](crate::ports::InputFn) or [`ReplierFn`](crate::ports::ReplierFn)
-//! types.
+//! traits with appropriate bounds on their argument and return types.
 //!
 //! In practice, an input port method for an event of type `T` may have any of
 //! the following signatures, where the futures returned by the `async` variants
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@
 //! can be connected to input and requestor ports when assembling the simulation
 //! bench. However, input ports may instead be defined as private methods if
 //! they are only used by the model itself to schedule future actions (see the
-//! [`Scheduler`](crate::time::Scheduler) examples).
+//! [`Scheduler`] examples).
 //!
 //! Changing the signature of an input or replier port is not considered to
 //! alter the public interface of a model provided that the event, request and
@@ -165,13 +167,6 @@ use std::pin::Pin;
 
 use crate::time::Scheduler;
 
-pub use model_fn::{InputFn, ReplierFn};
-pub use ports::{LineError, LineId, Output, Requestor};
-
-pub mod markers;
-mod model_fn;
-mod ports;
-
 /// Trait to be implemented by all models.
 ///
 /// This trait enables models to perform specific actions in the

asynchronix/src/ports.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! Model ports for event and query broadcasting.
+//!
+//! Models typically contain [`Output`] and/or [`Requestor`] ports, exposed as
+//! public member variables. Output ports broadcast events to all connected
+//! input ports, while requestor ports broadcast queries to, and retrieve
+//! replies from, all connected replier ports.
+//!
+//! On the surface, output and requestor ports only differ in that sending a
+//! query from a requestor port also returns an iterator over the replies from
+//! all connected ports. Sending a query is more costly, however, because of the
+//! need to wait until all connected models have processed the query. In
+//! contrast, since events are buffered in the mailbox of the target model,
+//! sending an event is a fire-and-forget operation. For this reason, output
+//! ports should generally be preferred over requestor ports when possible.
+
+mod input;
+mod output;
+mod sink;
+mod source;
+
+pub use input::markers;
+pub use input::{InputFn, ReplierFn};
+pub use output::{Output, Requestor};
+pub use sink::{
+    event_buffer::EventBuffer, event_slot::EventSlot, EventSink, EventSinkStream, EventSinkWriter,
+};
+pub use source::{EventSource, QuerySource, ReplyReceiver};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+/// Unique identifier for a connection between two ports.
+pub struct LineId(u64);
+
+/// Error raised when the specified line cannot be found.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct LineError {}

asynchronix/src/ports/input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod markers;
+mod model_fn;
+
+pub use model_fn::{InputFn, ReplierFn};

asynchronix/src/ports/input/model_fn.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
 
 use std::future::{ready, Future, Ready};
 
-use crate::model::{markers, Model};
+use crate::model::Model;
 use crate::time::Scheduler;
 
+use super::markers;
+
 /// A function, method or closures that can be used as an *input port*.
 ///
 /// This trait is in particular implemented for any function or method with the

asynchronix/src/ports/output.rs

@@ -1,35 +1,16 @@
-//! Model ports for event and query broadcasting.
-//!
-//! Models typically contain [`Output`] and/or [`Requestor`] ports, exposed as
-//! public member variables. Output ports broadcast events to all connected
-//! input ports, while requestor ports broadcast queries to, and retrieve
-//! replies from, all connected replier ports.
-//!
-//! On the surface, output and requestor ports only differ in that sending a
-//! query from a requestor port also returns an iterator over the replies from
-//! all connected ports. Sending a query is more costly, however, because of the
-//! need to wait until all connected models have processed the query. In
-//! contrast, since events are buffered in the mailbox of the target model,
-//! sending an event is a fire-and-forget operation. For this reason, output
-//! ports should generally be preferred over requestor ports when possible.
-
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
-
 mod broadcaster;
 mod sender;
 
-use crate::model::{InputFn, Model, ReplierFn};
+use std::fmt;
-use crate::simulation::{Address, EventSlot, EventStream};
-use crate::util::spsc_queue;
 
-use broadcaster::Broadcaster;
+use crate::model::Model;
+use crate::ports::{EventSink, LineError, LineId};
+use crate::ports::{InputFn, ReplierFn};
+use crate::simulation::Address;
 
-use self::sender::{EventSender, EventSlotSender, EventStreamSender, QuerySender};
+use broadcaster::{EventBroadcaster, QueryBroadcaster};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+use self::sender::{EventSinkSender, InputSender, ReplierSender};
-/// Unique identifier for a connection between two ports.
-pub struct LineId(u64);
 
 /// An output port.
 ///
@@ -37,7 +18,7 @@ pub struct LineId(u64);
 /// methods that return no value. They broadcast events to all connected input
 /// ports.
 pub struct Output<T: Clone + Send + 'static> {
-    broadcaster: Broadcaster<T, ()>,
+    broadcaster: EventBroadcaster<T>,
     next_line_id: u64,
 }
 
@@ -56,53 +37,37 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> Output<T> {
     pub fn connect<M, F, S>(&mut self, input: F, address: impl Into<Address<M>>) -> LineId
     where
         M: Model,
-        F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Copy,
+        F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
         S: Send + 'static,
     {
         assert!(self.next_line_id != u64::MAX);
         let line_id = LineId(self.next_line_id);
         self.next_line_id += 1;
-        let sender = Box::new(EventSender::new(input, address.into().0));
+        let sender = Box::new(InputSender::new(input, address.into().0));
         self.broadcaster.add(sender, line_id);
 
         line_id
     }
 
-    /// Adds a connection to an event stream iterator.
+    /// Adds a connection to an event sink such as an
-    pub fn connect_stream(&mut self) -> (EventStream<T>, LineId) {
+    /// [`EventSlot`](crate::ports::EventSlot) or
+    /// [`EventBuffer`](crate::ports::EventBuffer).
+    pub fn connect_sink<S: EventSink<T>>(&mut self, sink: &S) -> LineId {
         assert!(self.next_line_id != u64::MAX);
         let line_id = LineId(self.next_line_id);
         self.next_line_id += 1;
-
+        let sender = Box::new(EventSinkSender::new(sink.writer()));
-        let (producer, consumer) = spsc_queue::spsc_queue();
-        let sender = Box::new(EventStreamSender::new(producer));
-        let event_stream = EventStream::new(consumer);
-
         self.broadcaster.add(sender, line_id);
 
-        (event_stream, line_id)
+        line_id
-    }
-
-    /// Adds a connection to an event slot.
-    pub fn connect_slot(&mut self) -> (EventSlot<T>, LineId) {
-        assert!(self.next_line_id != u64::MAX);
-        let line_id = LineId(self.next_line_id);
-        self.next_line_id += 1;
-
-        let slot = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
-        let sender = Box::new(EventSlotSender::new(slot.clone()));
-        let event_slot = EventSlot::new(slot);
-
-        self.broadcaster.add(sender, line_id);
-
-        (event_slot, line_id)
     }
 
     /// Removes the connection specified by the `LineId` parameter.
     ///
-    /// It is a logic error to specify a line identifier from another [`Output`]
+    /// It is a logic error to specify a line identifier from another
-    /// or [`Requestor`] instance and may result in the disconnection of an
+    /// [`Output`], [`Requestor`], [`EventSource`](crate::ports::EventSource) or
-    /// arbitrary endpoint.
+    /// [`QuerySource`](crate::ports::QuerySource) instance and may result in
+    /// the disconnection of an arbitrary endpoint.
     pub fn disconnect(&mut self, line_id: LineId) -> Result<(), LineError> {
         if self.broadcaster.remove(line_id) {
             Ok(())
@@ -118,14 +83,14 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> Output<T> {
 
     /// Broadcasts an event to all connected input ports.
     pub async fn send(&mut self, arg: T) {
-        self.broadcaster.broadcast_event(arg).await.unwrap();
+        self.broadcaster.broadcast(arg).await.unwrap();
     }
 }
 
 impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> Default for Output<T> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            broadcaster: Broadcaster::default(),
+            broadcaster: EventBroadcaster::default(),
             next_line_id: 0,
         }
     }
@@ -143,7 +108,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> fmt::Debug for Output<T> {
 /// model methods that return a value. They broadcast queries to all connected
 /// replier ports.
 pub struct Requestor<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> {
-    broadcaster: Broadcaster<T, R>,
+    broadcaster: QueryBroadcaster<T, R>,
     next_line_id: u64,
 }
 
@@ -162,13 +127,13 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Requestor<T, R> {
     pub fn connect<M, F, S>(&mut self, replier: F, address: impl Into<Address<M>>) -> LineId
     where
         M: Model,
-        F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S> + Copy,
+        F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S> + Clone,
         S: Send + 'static,
     {
         assert!(self.next_line_id != u64::MAX);
         let line_id = LineId(self.next_line_id);
         self.next_line_id += 1;
-        let sender = Box::new(QuerySender::new(replier, address.into().0));
+        let sender = Box::new(ReplierSender::new(replier, address.into().0));
         self.broadcaster.add(sender, line_id);
 
         line_id
@@ -176,9 +141,10 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Requestor<T, R> {
 
     /// Removes the connection specified by the `LineId` parameter.
     ///
-    /// It is a logic error to specify a line identifier from another [`Output`]
+    /// It is a logic error to specify a line identifier from another
-    /// or [`Requestor`] instance and may result in the disconnection of an
+    /// [`Requestor`], [`Output`], [`EventSource`](crate::ports::EventSource) or
-    /// arbitrary endpoint.
+    /// [`QuerySource`](crate::ports::QuerySource) instance and may result in
+    /// the disconnection of an arbitrary endpoint.
     pub fn disconnect(&mut self, line_id: LineId) -> Result<(), LineError> {
         if self.broadcaster.remove(line_id) {
             Ok(())
@@ -194,14 +160,14 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Requestor<T, R> {
 
     /// Broadcasts a query to all connected replier ports.
     pub async fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> impl Iterator<Item = R> + '_ {
-        self.broadcaster.broadcast_query(arg).await.unwrap()
+        self.broadcaster.broadcast(arg).await.unwrap()
     }
 }
 
 impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Default for Requestor<T, R> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            broadcaster: Broadcaster::default(),
+            broadcaster: QueryBroadcaster::default(),
             next_line_id: 0,
         }
     }
@@ -212,7 +178,3 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> fmt::Debug for Requestor<T, R
         write!(f, "Requestor ({} connected ports)", self.broadcaster.len())
     }
 }
-
-/// Error raised when the specified line cannot be found.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct LineError {}

asynchronix/src/ports/output/broadcaster.rs

@@ -8,46 +8,30 @@ use recycle_box::{coerce_box, RecycleBox};
 
 use super::sender::{SendError, Sender};
 use super::LineId;
-use task_set::TaskSet;
+use crate::util::task_set::TaskSet;
-
-mod task_set;
 
 /// An object that can efficiently broadcast messages to several addresses.
 ///
+/// This is very similar to `source::broadcaster::BroadcasterInner`, but
+/// generates non-owned futures instead.
+///
 /// This object maintains a list of senders associated to each target address.
-/// When a message is broadcasted, the sender futures are awaited in parallel.
+/// When a message is broadcast, the sender futures are awaited in parallel.
 /// This is somewhat similar to what `FuturesOrdered` in the `futures` crate
 /// does, but with some key differences:
 ///
 /// - tasks and future storage are reusable to avoid repeated allocation, so
 ///   allocation occurs only after a new sender is added,
 /// - the outputs of all sender futures are returned all at once rather than
-///   with an asynchronous iterator (a.k.a. async stream); the implementation
+///   with an asynchronous iterator (a.k.a. async stream).
-///   exploits this behavior by waking the main broadcast future only when all
+pub(super) struct BroadcasterInner<T: Clone, R> {
-///   sender futures have been awaken, which strongly reduces overhead since
-///   waking a sender task does not actually schedule it on the executor.
-pub(super) struct Broadcaster<T: Clone + 'static, R: 'static> {
     /// The list of senders with their associated line identifier.
     senders: Vec<(LineId, Box<dyn Sender<T, R>>)>,
     /// Fields explicitly borrowed by the `BroadcastFuture`.
     shared: Shared<R>,
 }
 
-impl<T: Clone + 'static> Broadcaster<T, ()> {
+impl<T: Clone, R> BroadcasterInner<T, R> {
-    /// Broadcasts an event to all addresses.
-    pub(super) async fn broadcast_event(&mut self, arg: T) -> Result<(), BroadcastError> {
-        match self.senders.as_mut_slice() {
-            // No sender.
-            [] => Ok(()),
-            // One sender.
-            [sender] => sender.1.send(arg).await.map_err(|_| BroadcastError {}),
-            // Multiple senders.
-            _ => self.broadcast(arg).await,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone + 'static, R> Broadcaster<T, R> {
     /// Adds a new sender associated to the specified identifier.
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -93,55 +77,25 @@ impl<T: Clone + 'static, R> Broadcaster<T, R> {
         self.senders.len()
     }
 
-    /// Broadcasts a query to all addresses and collect all responses.
-    pub(super) async fn broadcast_query(
-        &mut self,
-        arg: T,
-    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = R> + '_, BroadcastError> {
-        match self.senders.as_mut_slice() {
-            // No sender.
-            [] => {}
-            // One sender.
-            [sender] => {
-                let output = sender.1.send(arg).await.map_err(|_| BroadcastError {})?;
-                self.shared.futures_env[0].output = Some(output);
-            }
-            // Multiple senders.
-            _ => self.broadcast(arg).await?,
-        };
-
-        // At this point all outputs should be available so `unwrap` can be
-        // called on the output of each future.
-        let outputs = self
-            .shared
-            .futures_env
-            .iter_mut()
-            .map(|t| t.output.take().unwrap());
-
-        Ok(outputs)
-    }
-
     /// Efficiently broadcasts a message or a query to multiple addresses.
     ///
     /// This method does not collect the responses from queries.
     fn broadcast(&mut self, arg: T) -> BroadcastFuture<'_, R> {
-        let futures_count = self.senders.len();
         let mut futures = recycle_vec(self.shared.storage.take().unwrap_or_default());
 
         // Broadcast the message and collect all futures.
-        for (i, (sender, futures_env)) in self
+        let mut iter = self
             .senders
             .iter_mut()
-            .zip(self.shared.futures_env.iter_mut())
+            .zip(self.shared.futures_env.iter_mut());
-            .enumerate()
+        while let Some((sender, futures_env)) = iter.next() {
-        {
             let future_cache = futures_env
                 .storage
                 .take()
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| RecycleBox::new(()));
 
             // Move the argument rather than clone it for the last future.
-            if i + 1 == futures_count {
+            if iter.len() == 0 {
                 let future: RecycleBox<dyn Future<Output = Result<R, SendError>> + Send + '_> =
                     coerce_box!(RecycleBox::recycle(future_cache, sender.1.send(arg)));
 
@@ -161,7 +115,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + 'static, R> Broadcaster<T, R> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Clone + 'static, R> Default for Broadcaster<T, R> {
+impl<T: Clone, R> Default for BroadcasterInner<T, R> {
     /// Creates an empty `Broadcaster` object.
     fn default() -> Self {
         let wake_sink = WakeSink::new();
@@ -179,6 +133,145 @@ impl<T: Clone + 'static, R> Default for Broadcaster<T, R> {
     }
 }
 
+/// An object that can efficiently broadcast events to several input ports.
+///
+/// This is very similar to `source::broadcaster::EventBroadcaster`, but
+/// generates non-owned futures instead.
+///
+/// See `BroadcasterInner` for implementation details.
+pub(super) struct EventBroadcaster<T: Clone> {
+    /// The broadcaster core object.
+    inner: BroadcasterInner<T, ()>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> EventBroadcaster<T> {
+    /// Adds a new sender associated to the specified identifier.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will panic if the total count of senders would reach
+    /// `u32::MAX - 1`.
+    pub(super) fn add(&mut self, sender: Box<dyn Sender<T, ()>>, id: LineId) {
+        self.inner.add(sender, id);
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the first sender with the specified identifier, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if there was indeed a sender associated to the specified
+    /// identifier.
+    pub(super) fn remove(&mut self, id: LineId) -> bool {
+        self.inner.remove(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all senders.
+    pub(super) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of connected senders.
+    pub(super) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts an event to all addresses.
+    pub(super) async fn broadcast(&mut self, arg: T) -> Result<(), BroadcastError> {
+        match self.inner.senders.as_mut_slice() {
+            // No sender.
+            [] => Ok(()),
+            // One sender.
+            [sender] => sender.1.send(arg).await.map_err(|_| BroadcastError {}),
+            // Multiple senders.
+            _ => self.inner.broadcast(arg).await,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> Default for EventBroadcaster<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: BroadcasterInner::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An object that can efficiently broadcast queries to several replier ports.
+///
+/// This is very similar to `source::broadcaster::QueryBroadcaster`, but
+/// generates non-owned futures instead.
+///
+/// See `BroadcasterInner` for implementation details.
+pub(super) struct QueryBroadcaster<T: Clone, R> {
+    /// The broadcaster core object.
+    inner: BroadcasterInner<T, R>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone, R> QueryBroadcaster<T, R> {
+    /// Adds a new sender associated to the specified identifier.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will panic if the total count of senders would reach
+    /// `u32::MAX - 1`.
+    pub(super) fn add(&mut self, sender: Box<dyn Sender<T, R>>, id: LineId) {
+        self.inner.add(sender, id);
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the first sender with the specified identifier, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if there was indeed a sender associated to the specified
+    /// identifier.
+    pub(super) fn remove(&mut self, id: LineId) -> bool {
+        self.inner.remove(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all senders.
+    pub(super) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of connected senders.
+    pub(super) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts a query to all addresses and collect all responses.
+    pub(super) async fn broadcast(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: T,
+    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = R> + '_, BroadcastError> {
+        match self.inner.senders.as_mut_slice() {
+            // No sender.
+            [] => {}
+            // One sender.
+            [sender] => {
+                let output = sender.1.send(arg).await.map_err(|_| BroadcastError {})?;
+                self.inner.shared.futures_env[0].output = Some(output);
+            }
+            // Multiple senders.
+            _ => self.inner.broadcast(arg).await?,
+        };
+
+        // At this point all outputs should be available so `unwrap` can be
+        // called on the output of each future.
+        let outputs = self
+            .inner
+            .shared
+            .futures_env
+            .iter_mut()
+            .map(|t| t.output.take().unwrap());
+
+        Ok(outputs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone, R> Default for QueryBroadcaster<T, R> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: BroadcasterInner::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Data related to a sender future.
 struct FutureEnv<R> {
     /// Cached storage for the future.
@@ -212,8 +305,6 @@ struct Shared<R> {
 ///
 /// - the sender futures are polled simultaneously rather than waiting for their
 ///   completion in a sequential manner,
-/// - this future is never woken if it can be proven that at least one of the
-///   individual sender task will still be awaken,
 /// - the storage allocated for the sender futures is always returned to the
 ///   `Broadcast` object so it can be reused by the next future,
 /// - the happy path (all futures immediately ready) is very fast.
@@ -231,9 +322,9 @@ pub(super) struct BroadcastFuture<'a, R> {
 impl<'a, R> BroadcastFuture<'a, R> {
     /// Creates a new `BroadcastFuture`.
     fn new(shared: &'a mut Shared<R>, futures: Vec<Pin<RecycleBoxFuture<'a, R>>>) -> Self {
-        let futures_count = futures.len();
+        let pending_futures_count = futures.len();
 
-        assert!(shared.futures_env.len() == futures_count);
+        assert!(shared.futures_env.len() == pending_futures_count);
 
         for futures_env in shared.futures_env.iter_mut() {
             // Drop the previous output if necessary.
@@ -244,7 +335,7 @@ impl<'a, R> BroadcastFuture<'a, R> {
             shared,
             futures: ManuallyDrop::new(futures),
             state: FutureState::Uninit,
-            pending_futures_count: futures_count,
+            pending_futures_count,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -276,7 +367,10 @@ impl<'a, R> Future for BroadcastFuture<'a, R> {
         // Poll all sender futures once if this is the first time the broadcast
         // future is polled.
         if this.state == FutureState::Uninit {
-            // Prevent spurious wake-ups.
+            // The task set is re-used for each broadcast, so it may have some
+            // task scheduled due to e.g. spurious wake-ups that were triggered
+            // after the previous broadcast was completed. Discarding scheduled
+            // tasks can prevent unnecessary wake-ups.
             this.shared.task_set.discard_scheduled();
 
             for task_idx in 0..this.futures.len() {
@@ -311,20 +405,22 @@ impl<'a, R> Future for BroadcastFuture<'a, R> {
         // Repeatedly poll the futures of all scheduled tasks until there are no
         // more scheduled tasks.
         loop {
-            // Only register the waker if it is probable that we won't find any
+            // No need to register the waker if some tasks have been scheduled.
-            // scheduled task.
             if !this.shared.task_set.has_scheduled() {
                 this.shared.wake_sink.register(cx.waker());
             }
 
             // Retrieve the indices of the scheduled tasks if any. If there are
             // no scheduled tasks, `Poll::Pending` is returned and this future
-            // will be awaken again when enough tasks have been scheduled.
+            // will be awaken again when enough tasks have been awaken.
-            let scheduled_tasks = match this
+            //
-                .shared
+            // NOTE: the current implementation requires a notification to be
-                .task_set
+            // sent each time a sub-future has made progress. We may try at some
-                .steal_scheduled(this.pending_futures_count)
+            // point to benchmark an alternative strategy where a notification
-            {
+            // is requested only when all pending sub-futures have made progress,
+            // using `take_scheduled(this.pending_futures_count)`. This would
+            // reduce the cost of context switch but could hurt latency.
+            let scheduled_tasks = match this.shared.task_set.take_scheduled(1) {
                 Some(st) => st,
                 None => return Poll::Pending,
             };
@@ -403,6 +499,7 @@ fn recycle_vec<T, U>(mut v: Vec<T>) -> Vec<U> {
 #[cfg(all(test, not(asynchronix_loom)))]
 mod tests {
     use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
     use std::thread;
 
     use futures_executor::block_on;
@@ -413,8 +510,9 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::util::priority_queue::PriorityQueue;
     use crate::util::sync_cell::SyncCell;
 
-    use super::super::*;
+    use super::super::sender::{InputSender, ReplierSender};
     use super::*;
+    use crate::model::Model;
 
     struct Counter {
         inner: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
@@ -438,18 +536,18 @@ mod tests {
         const N_RECV: usize = 4;
 
         let mut mailboxes = Vec::new();
-        let mut broadcaster = Broadcaster::default();
+        let mut broadcaster = EventBroadcaster::default();
         for id in 0..N_RECV {
             let mailbox = Receiver::new(10);
             let address = mailbox.sender();
-            let sender = Box::new(EventSender::new(Counter::inc, address));
+            let sender = Box::new(InputSender::new(Counter::inc, address));
 
             broadcaster.add(sender, LineId(id as u64));
             mailboxes.push(mailbox);
         }
 
         let th_broadcast = thread::spawn(move || {
-            block_on(broadcaster.broadcast_event(1)).unwrap();
+            block_on(broadcaster.broadcast(1)).unwrap();
         });
 
         let counter = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
@@ -486,18 +584,18 @@ mod tests {
         const N_RECV: usize = 4;
 
         let mut mailboxes = Vec::new();
-        let mut broadcaster = Broadcaster::default();
+        let mut broadcaster = QueryBroadcaster::default();
         for id in 0..N_RECV {
             let mailbox = Receiver::new(10);
             let address = mailbox.sender();
-            let sender = Box::new(QuerySender::new(Counter::fetch_inc, address));
+            let sender = Box::new(ReplierSender::new(Counter::fetch_inc, address));
 
             broadcaster.add(sender, LineId(id as u64));
             mailboxes.push(mailbox);
         }
 
         let th_broadcast = thread::spawn(move || {
-            let iter = block_on(broadcaster.broadcast_query(1)).unwrap();
+            let iter = block_on(broadcaster.broadcast(1)).unwrap();
             let sum = iter.fold(0, |acc, val| acc + val);
 
             assert_eq!(sum, N_RECV * (N_RECV - 1) / 2); // sum of {0, 1, 2, ..., (N_RECV - 1)}
@@ -606,12 +704,12 @@ mod tests {
             let (test_event2, waker2) = test_event::<usize>();
             let (test_event3, waker3) = test_event::<usize>();
 
-            let mut broadcaster = Broadcaster::default();
+            let mut broadcaster = QueryBroadcaster::default();
             broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event1), LineId(1));
             broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event2), LineId(2));
             broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event3), LineId(3));
 
-            let mut fut = Box::pin(broadcaster.broadcast_query(()));
+            let mut fut = Box::pin(broadcaster.broadcast(()));
             let is_scheduled = loom::sync::Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
             let is_scheduled_waker = is_scheduled.clone();
 
@@ -626,7 +724,6 @@ mod tests {
             let th2 = thread::spawn(move || waker2.wake_final(7));
             let th3 = thread::spawn(move || waker3.wake_final(42));
 
-            let mut schedule_count = 0;
             loop {
                 match fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
                     Poll::Ready(Ok(mut res)) => {
@@ -645,8 +742,6 @@ mod tests {
                 if !is_scheduled.swap(false, Ordering::Acquire) {
                     break;
                 }
-                schedule_count += 1;
-                assert!(schedule_count <= 1);
             }
 
             th1.join().unwrap();
@@ -681,11 +776,11 @@ mod tests {
             let (test_event1, waker1) = test_event::<usize>();
             let (test_event2, waker2) = test_event::<usize>();
 
-            let mut broadcaster = Broadcaster::default();
+            let mut broadcaster = QueryBroadcaster::default();
             broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event1), LineId(1));
             broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event2), LineId(2));
 
-            let mut fut = Box::pin(broadcaster.broadcast_query(()));
+            let mut fut = Box::pin(broadcaster.broadcast(()));
             let is_scheduled = loom::sync::Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
             let is_scheduled_waker = is_scheduled.clone();
 
@@ -701,7 +796,6 @@ mod tests {
             let th2 = thread::spawn(move || waker2.wake_final(7));
             let th_spurious = thread::spawn(move || spurious_waker.wake_spurious());
 
-            let mut schedule_count = 0;
             loop {
                 match fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
                     Poll::Ready(Ok(mut res)) => {
@@ -719,8 +813,6 @@ mod tests {
                 if !is_scheduled.swap(false, Ordering::Acquire) {
                     break;
                 }
-                schedule_count += 1;
-                assert!(schedule_count <= 2);
             }
 
             th1.join().unwrap();

asynchronix/src/ports/output/sender.rs

@@ -4,22 +4,28 @@ use std::future::Future;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
 use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
 
 use recycle_box::{coerce_box, RecycleBox};
 
 use crate::channel;
-use crate::model::{InputFn, Model, ReplierFn};
+use crate::model::Model;
-use crate::util::spsc_queue;
+use crate::ports::{EventSinkWriter, InputFn, ReplierFn};
 
-/// Abstraction over `EventSender` and `QuerySender`.
+/// An event or query sender abstracting over the target model and input or
+/// replier method.
 pub(super) trait Sender<T, R>: Send {
+    /// Asynchronously send the event or request.
     fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> RecycledFuture<'_, Result<R, SendError>>;
 }
 
-/// An object that can send a payload to a model.
+/// An object that can send events to an input port.
-pub(super) struct EventSender<M: 'static, F, T, S> {
+pub(super) struct InputSender<M: 'static, F, T, S>
+where
+    M: Model,
+    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+{
     func: F,
     sender: channel::Sender<M>,
     fut_storage: Option<RecycleBox<()>>,
@@ -27,7 +33,7 @@ pub(super) struct EventSender<M: 'static, F, T, S> {
     _phantom_closure_marker: PhantomData<S>,
 }
 
-impl<M: Send, F, T, S> EventSender<M, F, T, S>
+impl<M: Send, F, T, S> InputSender<M, F, T, S>
 where
     M: Model,
     F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
@@ -44,15 +50,15 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<M: Send, F, T, S> Sender<T, ()> for EventSender<M, F, T, S>
+impl<M: Send, F, T, S> Sender<T, ()> for InputSender<M, F, T, S>
 where
     M: Model,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Copy,
+    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
     T: Send + 'static,
-    S: Send,
+    S: Send + 'static,
 {
     fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> RecycledFuture<'_, Result<(), SendError>> {
-        let func = self.func;
+        let func = self.func.clone();
 
         let fut = self.sender.send(move |model, scheduler, recycle_box| {
             let fut = func.call(model, arg, scheduler);
@@ -66,8 +72,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// An object that can send a payload to a model and retrieve a response.
+/// An object that can send a request to a replier port and retrieve a response.
-pub(super) struct QuerySender<M: 'static, F, T, R, S> {
+pub(super) struct ReplierSender<M: 'static, F, T, R, S> {
     func: F,
     sender: channel::Sender<M>,
     receiver: multishot::Receiver<R>,
@@ -76,7 +82,7 @@ pub(super) struct QuerySender<M: 'static, F, T, R, S> {
     _phantom_closure_marker: PhantomData<S>,
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, R, S> QuerySender<M, F, T, R, S>
+impl<M, F, T, R, S> ReplierSender<M, F, T, R, S>
 where
     M: Model,
     F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S>,
@@ -95,16 +101,16 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, R, S> Sender<T, R> for QuerySender<M, F, T, R, S>
+impl<M, F, T, R, S> Sender<T, R> for ReplierSender<M, F, T, R, S>
 where
     M: Model,
-    F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S> + Copy,
+    F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S> + Clone,
     T: Send + 'static,
     R: Send + 'static,
     S: Send,
 {
     fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> RecycledFuture<'_, Result<R, SendError>> {
-        let func = self.func;
+        let func = self.func.clone();
         let sender = &mut self.sender;
         let reply_receiver = &mut self.receiver;
         let fut_storage = &mut self.fut_storage;
@@ -134,67 +140,40 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// An object that can send a payload to an unbounded queue.
+/// An object that can send a payload to an event sink.
-pub(super) struct EventStreamSender<T> {
+pub(super) struct EventSinkSender<T: Send + 'static, W: EventSinkWriter<T>> {
-    producer: spsc_queue::Producer<T>,
+    writer: W,
     fut_storage: Option<RecycleBox<()>>,
+    _phantom_event: PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T> EventStreamSender<T> {
+impl<T: Send + 'static, W: EventSinkWriter<T>> EventSinkSender<T, W> {
-    pub(super) fn new(producer: spsc_queue::Producer<T>) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn new(writer: W) -> Self {
         Self {
-            producer,
+            writer,
             fut_storage: None,
+            _phantom_event: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> Sender<T, ()> for EventStreamSender<T>
+impl<T, W: EventSinkWriter<T>> Sender<T, ()> for EventSinkSender<T, W>
 where
     T: Send + 'static,
 {
     fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> RecycledFuture<'_, Result<(), SendError>> {
-        let producer = &mut self.producer;
+        let writer = &mut self.writer;
 
         RecycledFuture::new(&mut self.fut_storage, async move {
-            producer.push(arg).map_err(|_| SendError {})
+            writer.write(arg);
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// An object that can send a payload to a mutex-protected slot.
-pub(super) struct EventSlotSender<T> {
-    slot: Arc<Mutex<Option<T>>>,
-    fut_storage: Option<RecycleBox<()>>,
-}
-
-impl<T> EventSlotSender<T> {
-    pub(super) fn new(slot: Arc<Mutex<Option<T>>>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            slot,
-            fut_storage: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Sender<T, ()> for EventSlotSender<T>
-where
-    T: Send + 'static,
-{
-    fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> RecycledFuture<'_, Result<(), SendError>> {
-        let slot = &*self.slot;
-
-        RecycledFuture::new(&mut self.fut_storage, async move {
-            let mut slot = slot.lock().unwrap();
-            *slot = Some(arg);
 
             Ok(())
         })
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 /// Error returned when the mailbox was closed or dropped.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(super) struct SendError {}
 
 impl fmt::Display for SendError {

asynchronix/src/ports/sink.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+pub(crate) mod event_buffer;
+pub(crate) mod event_slot;
+
+/// A simulation endpoint that can receive events sent by model outputs.
+///
+/// An `EventSink` can be thought of as a self-standing input meant to
+/// externally monitor the simulated system.
+pub trait EventSink<T> {
+    /// Writer handle to an event sink.
+    type Writer: EventSinkWriter<T>;
+
+    /// Returns the writer handle associated to this sink.
+    fn writer(&self) -> Self::Writer;
+}
+
+/// A writer handle to an event sink.
+pub trait EventSinkWriter<T>: Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Writes a value to the associated sink.
+    fn write(&self, event: T);
+}
+
+/// An iterator over collected events with the ability to pause and resume event
+/// collection.
+///
+/// An `EventSinkStream` will typically be implemented on an `EventSink` for
+/// which it will constitute a draining iterator.
+pub trait EventSinkStream: Iterator {
+    /// Starts or resumes the collection of new events.
+    fn open(&mut self);
+
+    /// Pauses the collection of new events.
+    ///
+    /// Events that were previously in the stream remain available.
+    fn close(&mut self);
+
+    /// This is a stop-gap method that shadows `Iterator::try_fold` until the
+    /// latter can be implemented by user-defined types on stable Rust.
+    ///
+    /// It serves the exact same purpose as `Iterator::try_fold` but is
+    /// specialized for `Result` to avoid depending on the unstable `Try` trait.
+    ///
+    /// Implementors may elect to override the default implementation when the
+    /// event sink stream can be iterated over more rapidly than by repeatably
+    /// calling `Iterator::next`, for instance if the implementation of the
+    /// stream relies on a mutex that must be locked on each call.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn try_fold<B, F, E>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> Result<B, E>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> Result<B, E>,
+    {
+        Iterator::try_fold(self, init, f)
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/ports/sink/event_buffer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use super::{EventSink, EventSinkStream, EventSinkWriter};
+
+/// The shared data of an `EventBuffer`.
+struct Inner<T> {
+    capacity: usize,
+    is_open: AtomicBool,
+    buffer: Mutex<VecDeque<T>>,
+}
+
+/// An [`EventSink`] and [`EventSinkStream`] with a bounded size.
+///
+/// If the maximum capacity is exceeded, older events are overwritten. Events
+/// are returned in first-in-first-out order. Note that even if the iterator
+/// returns `None`, it may still produce more items in the future (in other
+/// words, it is not a [`FusedIterator`](std::iter::FusedIterator)).
+pub struct EventBuffer<T> {
+    inner: Arc<Inner<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> EventBuffer<T> {
+    /// Default capacity when constructed with `new`.
+    pub const DEFAULT_CAPACITY: usize = 16;
+
+    /// Creates an open `EventBuffer` with the default capacity.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::with_capacity(Self::DEFAULT_CAPACITY)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a closed `EventBuffer` with the default capacity.
+    pub fn new_closed() -> Self {
+        Self::with_capacity_closed(Self::DEFAULT_CAPACITY)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an open `EventBuffer` with the specified capacity.
+    pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Inner {
+                capacity,
+                is_open: AtomicBool::new(true),
+                buffer: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a closed `EventBuffer` with the specified capacity.
+    pub fn with_capacity_closed(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Inner {
+                capacity,
+                is_open: AtomicBool::new(false),
+                buffer: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + 'static> EventSink<T> for EventBuffer<T> {
+    type Writer = EventBufferWriter<T>;
+
+    fn writer(&self) -> Self::Writer {
+        EventBufferWriter {
+            inner: self.inner.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for EventBuffer<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.inner.buffer.lock().unwrap().pop_front()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + 'static> EventSinkStream for EventBuffer<T> {
+    fn open(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.is_open.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    fn close(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.is_open.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    fn try_fold<B, F, E>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> Result<B, E>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> Result<B, E>,
+    {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.buffer.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut drain = inner.drain(..);
+
+        drain.try_fold(init, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for EventBuffer<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventBuffer<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EventBuffer").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A producer handle of an `EventStream`.
+pub struct EventBufferWriter<T> {
+    inner: Arc<Inner<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + 'static> EventSinkWriter<T> for EventBufferWriter<T> {
+    /// Pushes an event onto the queue.
+    fn write(&self, event: T) {
+        if !self.inner.is_open.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut buffer = self.inner.buffer.lock().unwrap();
+        if buffer.len() == self.inner.capacity {
+            buffer.pop_front();
+        }
+
+        buffer.push_back(event);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventBufferWriter<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EventBufferWriter").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/ports/sink/event_slot.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, TryLockError, TryLockResult};
+
+use super::{EventSink, EventSinkStream, EventSinkWriter};
+
+/// The shared data of an `EventBuffer`.
+struct Inner<T> {
+    is_open: AtomicBool,
+    slot: Mutex<Option<T>>,
+}
+
+/// An `EventSink` and `EventSinkStream` that only keeps the last event.
+///
+/// Once the value is read, the iterator will return `None` until a new value is
+/// received. If the slot contains a value when a new value is received, the
+/// previous value is overwritten.
+pub struct EventSlot<T> {
+    inner: Arc<Inner<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> EventSlot<T> {
+    /// Creates an open `EventSlot`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Inner {
+                is_open: AtomicBool::new(true),
+                slot: Mutex::new(None),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a closed `EventSlot`.
+    pub fn new_closed() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Inner {
+                is_open: AtomicBool::new(false),
+                slot: Mutex::new(None),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + 'static> EventSink<T> for EventSlot<T> {
+    type Writer = EventSlotWriter<T>;
+
+    /// Returns a writer handle.
+    fn writer(&self) -> EventSlotWriter<T> {
+        EventSlotWriter {
+            inner: self.inner.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for EventSlot<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.inner.slot.try_lock() {
+            TryLockResult::Ok(mut v) => v.take(),
+            TryLockResult::Err(TryLockError::WouldBlock) => None,
+            TryLockResult::Err(TryLockError::Poisoned(_)) => panic!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + 'static> EventSinkStream for EventSlot<T> {
+    fn open(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.is_open.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+    fn close(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.is_open.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for EventSlot<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventSlot<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EventSlot").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A writer handle of an `EventSlot`.
+pub struct EventSlotWriter<T> {
+    inner: Arc<Inner<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Send + 'static> EventSinkWriter<T> for EventSlotWriter<T> {
+    /// Write an event into the slot.
+    fn write(&self, event: T) {
+        // Ignore if the sink is closed.
+        if !self.inner.is_open.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Why do we just use `try_lock` and abandon if the lock is taken? The
+        // reason is that (i) the reader is never supposed to access the slot
+        // when the simulation runs and (ii) as a rule the simulator does not
+        // warrant fairness when concurrently writing to an input. Therefore, if
+        // the mutex is already locked when this writer attempts to lock it, it
+        // means another writer is concurrently writing an event, and that event
+        // is just as legitimate as ours so there is not need to overwrite it.
+        match self.inner.slot.try_lock() {
+            TryLockResult::Ok(mut v) => *v = Some(event),
+            TryLockResult::Err(TryLockError::WouldBlock) => {}
+            TryLockResult::Err(TryLockError::Poisoned(_)) => panic!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventSlotWriter<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EventStreamWriter").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/ports/source.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+mod broadcaster;
+mod sender;
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use crate::model::Model;
+use crate::ports::InputFn;
+use crate::ports::{LineError, LineId};
+use crate::simulation::Address;
+use crate::time::{
+    Action, ActionKey, KeyedOnceAction, KeyedPeriodicAction, OnceAction, PeriodicAction,
+};
+use crate::util::slot;
+
+use broadcaster::ReplyIterator;
+use broadcaster::{EventBroadcaster, QueryBroadcaster};
+use sender::{InputSender, ReplierSender};
+
+use super::ReplierFn;
+
+/// An event source port.
+///
+/// The `EventSource` port is similar to an [`Output`](crate::ports::Output)
+/// port in that it can send events to connected input ports. It is not meant,
+/// however, to be instantiated as a member of a model, but rather as a
+/// simulation monitoring endpoint instantiated during bench assembly.
+pub struct EventSource<T: Clone + Send + 'static> {
+    broadcaster: Arc<Mutex<EventBroadcaster<T>>>,
+    next_line_id: u64,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> EventSource<T> {
+    /// Creates a new, disconnected `EventSource` port.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a connection to an input port of the model specified by the
+    /// address.
+    ///
+    /// The input port must be an asynchronous method of a model of type `M`
+    /// taking as argument a value of type `T` plus, optionally, a scheduler
+    /// reference.
+    pub fn connect<M, F, S>(&mut self, input: F, address: impl Into<Address<M>>) -> LineId
+    where
+        M: Model,
+        F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
+        S: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        assert!(self.next_line_id != u64::MAX);
+        let line_id = LineId(self.next_line_id);
+        self.next_line_id += 1;
+        let sender = Box::new(InputSender::new(input, address.into().0));
+        self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().add(sender, line_id);
+
+        line_id
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the connection specified by the `LineId` parameter.
+    ///
+    /// It is a logic error to specify a line identifier from another
+    /// [`EventSource`], [`QuerySource`], [`Output`](crate::ports::Output) or
+    /// [`Requestor`](crate::ports::Requestor) instance and may result in the
+    /// disconnection of an arbitrary endpoint.
+    pub fn disconnect(&mut self, line_id: LineId) -> Result<(), LineError> {
+        if self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().remove(line_id) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(LineError {})
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all connections.
+    pub fn disconnect_all(&mut self) {
+        self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an action which, when processed, broadcasts an event to all
+    /// connected input ports.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the action broadcasts the event to those models that are
+    /// connected to the event source at the time the action is processed.
+    pub fn event(&mut self, arg: T) -> Action {
+        let fut = self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().broadcast(arg);
+        let fut = async {
+            fut.await.unwrap();
+        };
+
+        Action::new(OnceAction::new(fut))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a cancellable action and a cancellation key; when processed, the
+    /// action broadcasts an event to all connected input ports.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the action broadcasts the event to those models that are
+    /// connected to the event source at the time the action is processed.
+    pub fn keyed_event(&mut self, arg: T) -> (Action, ActionKey) {
+        let action_key = ActionKey::new();
+        let fut = self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().broadcast(arg);
+
+        let action = Action::new(KeyedOnceAction::new(
+            // Cancellation is ignored once the action is already spawned on the
+            // executor. This means the action cannot be cancelled while the
+            // simulation is running, but since an event source is meant to be
+            // used outside the simulator, this shouldn't be an issue in
+            // practice.
+            |_| async {
+                fut.await.unwrap();
+            },
+            action_key.clone(),
+        ));
+
+        (action, action_key)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a periodically recurring action which, when processed,
+    /// broadcasts an event to all connected input ports.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the action broadcasts the event to those models that are
+    /// connected to the event source at the time the action is processed.
+    pub fn periodic_event(&mut self, period: Duration, arg: T) -> Action {
+        let broadcaster = self.broadcaster.clone();
+
+        Action::new(PeriodicAction::new(
+            || async move {
+                let fut = broadcaster.lock().unwrap().broadcast(arg);
+                fut.await.unwrap();
+            },
+            period,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a cancellable, periodically recurring action and a cancellation
+    /// key; when processed, the action broadcasts an event to all connected
+    /// input ports.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the action broadcasts the event to those models that are
+    /// connected to the event source at the time the action is processed.
+    pub fn keyed_periodic_event(&mut self, period: Duration, arg: T) -> (Action, ActionKey) {
+        let action_key = ActionKey::new();
+        let broadcaster = self.broadcaster.clone();
+
+        let action = Action::new(KeyedPeriodicAction::new(
+            // Cancellation is ignored once the action is already spawned on the
+            // executor. This means the action cannot be cancelled while the
+            // simulation is running, but since an event source is meant to be
+            // used outside the simulator, this shouldn't be an issue in
+            // practice.
+            |_| async move {
+                let fut = broadcaster.lock().unwrap().broadcast(arg);
+                fut.await.unwrap();
+            },
+            period,
+            action_key.clone(),
+        ));
+
+        (action, action_key)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> Default for EventSource<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            broadcaster: Arc::new(Mutex::new(EventBroadcaster::default())),
+            next_line_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> fmt::Debug for EventSource<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "Event source ({} connected ports)",
+            self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().len()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// A request source port.
+///
+/// The `QuerySource` port is similar to an
+/// [`Requestor`](crate::ports::Requestor) port in that it can send events to
+/// connected input ports. It is not meant, however, to be instantiated as a
+/// member of a model, but rather as a simulation monitoring endpoint
+/// instantiated during bench assembly.
+pub struct QuerySource<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> {
+    broadcaster: Arc<Mutex<QueryBroadcaster<T, R>>>,
+    next_line_id: u64,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> QuerySource<T, R> {
+    /// Creates a new, disconnected `EventSource` port.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a connection to a replier port of the model specified by the
+    /// address.
+    ///
+    /// The replier port must be an asynchronous method of a model of type `M`
+    /// returning a value of type `R` and taking as argument a value of type `T`
+    /// plus, optionally, a scheduler reference.
+    pub fn connect<M, F, S>(&mut self, replier: F, address: impl Into<Address<M>>) -> LineId
+    where
+        M: Model,
+        F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S> + Clone,
+        S: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        assert!(self.next_line_id != u64::MAX);
+        let line_id = LineId(self.next_line_id);
+        self.next_line_id += 1;
+        let sender = Box::new(ReplierSender::new(replier, address.into().0));
+        self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().add(sender, line_id);
+
+        line_id
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the connection specified by the `LineId` parameter.
+    ///
+    /// It is a logic error to specify a line identifier from another
+    /// [`QuerySource`], [`EventSource`], [`Output`](crate::ports::Output) or
+    /// [`Requestor`](crate::ports::Requestor) instance and may result in the
+    /// disconnection of an arbitrary endpoint.
+    pub fn disconnect(&mut self, line_id: LineId) -> Result<(), LineError> {
+        if self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().remove(line_id) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(LineError {})
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all connections.
+    pub fn disconnect_all(&mut self) {
+        self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an action which, when processed, broadcasts a query to all
+    /// connected replier ports.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the action broadcasts the query to those models that are
+    /// connected to the query source at the time the action is processed.
+    pub fn query(&mut self, arg: T) -> (Action, ReplyReceiver<R>) {
+        let (writer, reader) = slot::slot();
+        let fut = self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().broadcast(arg);
+        let fut = async move {
+            let replies = fut.await.unwrap();
+            let _ = writer.write(replies);
+        };
+
+        let action = Action::new(OnceAction::new(fut));
+
+        (action, ReplyReceiver::<R>(reader))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Default for QuerySource<T, R> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            broadcaster: Arc::new(Mutex::new(QueryBroadcaster::default())),
+            next_line_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> fmt::Debug for QuerySource<T, R> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "Query source ({} connected ports)",
+            self.broadcaster.lock().unwrap().len()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// A receiver for all replies collected from a single query broadcast.
+pub struct ReplyReceiver<R>(slot::SlotReader<ReplyIterator<R>>);
+
+impl<R> ReplyReceiver<R> {
+    /// Returns all replies to a query.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the replies are not yet available or if they were
+    /// already taken in a previous call to `take`.
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = R>> {
+        self.0.try_read().ok()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R> fmt::Debug for ReplyReceiver<R> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Replies")
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/ports/source/broadcaster.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,759 @@
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::mem;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use std::vec;
+
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+
+use diatomic_waker::WakeSink;
+
+use super::sender::{Sender, SenderFuture};
+
+use crate::ports::LineId;
+use crate::util::task_set::TaskSet;
+
+/// An object that can efficiently broadcast messages to several addresses.
+///
+/// This is very similar to `output::broadcaster::BroadcasterInner`, but
+/// generates owned futures instead.
+///
+/// This object maintains a list of senders associated to each target address.
+/// When a message is broadcast, the sender futures are awaited in parallel.
+/// This is somewhat similar to what `FuturesOrdered` in the `futures` crate
+/// does, but the outputs of all sender futures are returned all at once rather
+/// than with an asynchronous iterator (a.k.a. async stream).
+pub(super) struct BroadcasterInner<T: Clone, R> {
+    /// The list of senders with their associated line identifier.
+    senders: Vec<(LineId, Box<dyn Sender<T, R>>)>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone, R> BroadcasterInner<T, R> {
+    /// Adds a new sender associated to the specified identifier.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will panic if the total count of senders would reach
+    /// `u32::MAX - 1`.
+    pub(super) fn add(&mut self, sender: Box<dyn Sender<T, R>>, id: LineId) {
+        self.senders.push((id, sender));
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the first sender with the specified identifier, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if there was indeed a sender associated to the specified
+    /// identifier.
+    pub(super) fn remove(&mut self, id: LineId) -> bool {
+        if let Some(pos) = self.senders.iter().position(|s| s.0 == id) {
+            self.senders.swap_remove(pos);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all senders.
+    pub(super) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.senders.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of connected senders.
+    pub(super) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.senders.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Efficiently broadcasts a message or a query to multiple addresses.
+    ///
+    /// This method does not collect the responses from queries.
+    fn broadcast(&mut self, arg: T) -> BroadcastFuture<R> {
+        let mut future_states = Vec::with_capacity(self.senders.len());
+
+        // Broadcast the message and collect all futures.
+        let mut iter = self.senders.iter_mut();
+        while let Some(sender) = iter.next() {
+            // Move the argument rather than clone it for the last future.
+            if iter.len() == 0 {
+                future_states.push(SenderFutureState::Pending(sender.1.send(arg)));
+                break;
+            }
+
+            future_states.push(SenderFutureState::Pending(sender.1.send(arg.clone())));
+        }
+
+        // Generate the global future.
+        BroadcastFuture::new(future_states)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone, R> Default for BroadcasterInner<T, R> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            senders: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An object that can efficiently broadcast events to several input ports.
+///
+/// This is very similar to `output::broadcaster::EventBroadcaster`, but
+/// generates owned futures instead.
+///
+/// See `BroadcasterInner` for implementation details.
+pub(super) struct EventBroadcaster<T: Clone> {
+    /// The broadcaster core object.
+    inner: BroadcasterInner<T, ()>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send> EventBroadcaster<T> {
+    /// Adds a new sender associated to the specified identifier.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will panic if the total count of senders would reach
+    /// `u32::MAX - 1`.
+    pub(super) fn add(&mut self, sender: Box<dyn Sender<T, ()>>, id: LineId) {
+        self.inner.add(sender, id);
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the first sender with the specified identifier, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if there was indeed a sender associated to the specified
+    /// identifier.
+    pub(super) fn remove(&mut self, id: LineId) -> bool {
+        self.inner.remove(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all senders.
+    pub(super) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of connected senders.
+    pub(super) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts an event to all addresses.
+    pub(super) fn broadcast(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: T,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<(), BroadcastError>> + Send {
+        enum Fut<F1, F2> {
+            Empty,
+            Single(F1),
+            Multiple(F2),
+        }
+
+        let fut = match self.inner.senders.as_mut_slice() {
+            // No sender.
+            [] => Fut::Empty,
+            // One sender.
+            [sender] => Fut::Single(sender.1.send(arg)),
+            // Multiple senders.
+            _ => Fut::Multiple(self.inner.broadcast(arg)),
+        };
+
+        async {
+            match fut {
+                Fut::Empty => Ok(()),
+                Fut::Single(fut) => fut.await.map_err(|_| BroadcastError {}),
+                Fut::Multiple(fut) => fut.await.map(|_| ()),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> Default for EventBroadcaster<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: BroadcasterInner::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An object that can efficiently broadcast queries to several replier ports.
+///
+/// This is very similar to `output::broadcaster::QueryBroadcaster`, but
+/// generates owned futures instead.
+///
+/// See `BroadcasterInner` for implementation details.
+pub(super) struct QueryBroadcaster<T: Clone, R> {
+    /// The broadcaster core object.
+    inner: BroadcasterInner<T, R>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send, R: Send> QueryBroadcaster<T, R> {
+    /// Adds a new sender associated to the specified identifier.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method will panic if the total count of senders would reach
+    /// `u32::MAX - 1`.
+    pub(super) fn add(&mut self, sender: Box<dyn Sender<T, R>>, id: LineId) {
+        self.inner.add(sender, id);
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the first sender with the specified identifier, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if there was indeed a sender associated to the specified
+    /// identifier.
+    pub(super) fn remove(&mut self, id: LineId) -> bool {
+        self.inner.remove(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all senders.
+    pub(super) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of connected senders.
+    pub(super) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts an event to all addresses.
+    pub(super) fn broadcast(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: T,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<ReplyIterator<R>, BroadcastError>> + Send {
+        enum Fut<F1, F2> {
+            Empty,
+            Single(F1),
+            Multiple(F2),
+        }
+
+        let fut = match self.inner.senders.as_mut_slice() {
+            // No sender.
+            [] => Fut::Empty,
+            // One sender.
+            [sender] => Fut::Single(sender.1.send(arg)),
+            // Multiple senders.
+            _ => Fut::Multiple(self.inner.broadcast(arg)),
+        };
+
+        async {
+            match fut {
+                Fut::Empty => Ok(ReplyIterator(Vec::new().into_iter())),
+                Fut::Single(fut) => fut
+                    .await
+                    .map(|reply| ReplyIterator(vec![SenderFutureState::Ready(reply)].into_iter()))
+                    .map_err(|_| BroadcastError {}),
+                Fut::Multiple(fut) => fut.await.map_err(|_| BroadcastError {}),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone, R> Default for QueryBroadcaster<T, R> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: BroadcasterInner::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pin_project! {
+    /// A future aggregating the outputs of a collection of sender futures.
+    ///
+    /// The idea is to join all sender futures as efficiently as possible, meaning:
+    ///
+    /// - the sender futures are polled simultaneously rather than waiting for their
+    ///   completion in a sequential manner,
+    /// - the happy path (all futures immediately ready) is very fast.
+    pub(super) struct BroadcastFuture<R> {
+        // Thread-safe waker handle.
+        wake_sink: WakeSink,
+        // Tasks associated to the sender futures.
+        task_set: TaskSet,
+        // List of all sender futures or their outputs.
+        future_states: Vec<SenderFutureState<R>>,
+        // The total count of futures that have not yet been polled to completion.
+        pending_futures_count: usize,
+        // State of completion of the future.
+        state: FutureState,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R> BroadcastFuture<R> {
+    /// Creates a new `BroadcastFuture`.
+    fn new(future_states: Vec<SenderFutureState<R>>) -> Self {
+        let wake_sink = WakeSink::new();
+        let wake_src = wake_sink.source();
+        let pending_futures_count = future_states.len();
+
+        BroadcastFuture {
+            wake_sink,
+            task_set: TaskSet::with_len(wake_src, pending_futures_count),
+            future_states,
+            pending_futures_count,
+            state: FutureState::Uninit,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R> Future for BroadcastFuture<R> {
+    type Output = Result<ReplyIterator<R>, BroadcastError>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = &mut *self;
+
+        assert_ne!(this.state, FutureState::Completed);
+
+        // Poll all sender futures once if this is the first time the broadcast
+        // future is polled.
+        if this.state == FutureState::Uninit {
+            for task_idx in 0..this.future_states.len() {
+                if let SenderFutureState::Pending(future) = &mut this.future_states[task_idx] {
+                    let task_waker_ref = this.task_set.waker_of(task_idx);
+                    let task_cx_ref = &mut Context::from_waker(&task_waker_ref);
+
+                    match future.as_mut().poll(task_cx_ref) {
+                        Poll::Ready(Ok(output)) => {
+                            this.future_states[task_idx] = SenderFutureState::Ready(output);
+                            this.pending_futures_count -= 1;
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Err(_)) => {
+                            this.state = FutureState::Completed;
+
+                            return Poll::Ready(Err(BroadcastError {}));
+                        }
+                        Poll::Pending => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if this.pending_futures_count == 0 {
+                this.state = FutureState::Completed;
+                let outputs = mem::take(&mut this.future_states).into_iter();
+
+                return Poll::Ready(Ok(ReplyIterator(outputs)));
+            }
+
+            this.state = FutureState::Pending;
+        }
+
+        // Repeatedly poll the futures of all scheduled tasks until there are no
+        // more scheduled tasks.
+        loop {
+            // No need to register the waker if some tasks have been scheduled.
+            if !this.task_set.has_scheduled() {
+                this.wake_sink.register(cx.waker());
+            }
+
+            // Retrieve the indices of the scheduled tasks if any. If there are
+            // no scheduled tasks, `Poll::Pending` is returned and this future
+            // will be awaken again when enough tasks have been scheduled.
+            //
+            // NOTE: the current implementation requires a notification to be
+            // sent each time a sub-future has made progress. We may try at some
+            // point to benchmark an alternative strategy where a notification
+            // is requested only when all pending sub-futures have made progress,
+            // using `take_scheduled(this.pending_futures_count)`. This would
+            // reduce the cost of context switch but could hurt latency.
+            let scheduled_tasks = match this.task_set.take_scheduled(1) {
+                Some(st) => st,
+                None => return Poll::Pending,
+            };
+
+            for task_idx in scheduled_tasks {
+                if let SenderFutureState::Pending(future) = &mut this.future_states[task_idx] {
+                    let task_waker_ref = this.task_set.waker_of(task_idx);
+                    let task_cx_ref = &mut Context::from_waker(&task_waker_ref);
+
+                    match future.as_mut().poll(task_cx_ref) {
+                        Poll::Ready(Ok(output)) => {
+                            this.future_states[task_idx] = SenderFutureState::Ready(output);
+                            this.pending_futures_count -= 1;
+                        }
+                        Poll::Ready(Err(_)) => {
+                            this.state = FutureState::Completed;
+
+                            return Poll::Ready(Err(BroadcastError {}));
+                        }
+                        Poll::Pending => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if this.pending_futures_count == 0 {
+                this.state = FutureState::Completed;
+                let outputs = mem::take(&mut this.future_states).into_iter();
+
+                return Poll::Ready(Ok(ReplyIterator(outputs)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error returned when a message could not be delivered.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct BroadcastError {}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum FutureState {
+    Uninit,
+    Pending,
+    Completed,
+}
+
+/// The state of a `SenderFuture`.
+enum SenderFutureState<R> {
+    Pending(SenderFuture<R>),
+    Ready(R),
+}
+
+/// An iterator over the replies to a broadcasted request.
+pub(crate) struct ReplyIterator<R>(vec::IntoIter<SenderFutureState<R>>);
+
+impl<R> Iterator for ReplyIterator<R> {
+    type Item = R;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.0.next().map(|state| match state {
+            SenderFutureState::Ready(reply) => reply,
+            _ => panic!("reply missing in replies iterator"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.0.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, not(asynchronix_loom)))]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+    use std::thread;
+
+    use futures_executor::block_on;
+
+    use crate::channel::Receiver;
+    use crate::time::Scheduler;
+    use crate::time::{MonotonicTime, TearableAtomicTime};
+    use crate::util::priority_queue::PriorityQueue;
+    use crate::util::sync_cell::SyncCell;
+
+    use super::super::sender::{InputSender, ReplierSender};
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::model::Model;
+
+    struct Counter {
+        inner: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    }
+    impl Counter {
+        fn new(counter: Arc<AtomicUsize>) -> Self {
+            Self { inner: counter }
+        }
+        async fn inc(&mut self, by: usize) {
+            self.inner.fetch_add(by, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+        async fn fetch_inc(&mut self, by: usize) -> usize {
+            let res = self.inner.fetch_add(by, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            res
+        }
+    }
+    impl Model for Counter {}
+
+    #[test]
+    fn broadcast_event_smoke() {
+        const N_RECV: usize = 4;
+
+        let mut mailboxes = Vec::new();
+        let mut broadcaster = EventBroadcaster::default();
+        for id in 0..N_RECV {
+            let mailbox = Receiver::new(10);
+            let address = mailbox.sender();
+            let sender = Box::new(InputSender::new(Counter::inc, address));
+
+            broadcaster.add(sender, LineId(id as u64));
+            mailboxes.push(mailbox);
+        }
+
+        let th_broadcast = thread::spawn(move || {
+            block_on(broadcaster.broadcast(1)).unwrap();
+        });
+
+        let counter = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+
+        let th_recv: Vec<_> = mailboxes
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|mut mailbox| {
+                thread::spawn({
+                    let mut counter = Counter::new(counter.clone());
+
+                    move || {
+                        let dummy_address = Receiver::new(1).sender();
+                        let dummy_priority_queue = Arc::new(Mutex::new(PriorityQueue::new()));
+                        let dummy_time =
+                            SyncCell::new(TearableAtomicTime::new(MonotonicTime::EPOCH)).reader();
+                        let dummy_scheduler =
+                            Scheduler::new(dummy_address, dummy_priority_queue, dummy_time);
+                        block_on(mailbox.recv(&mut counter, &dummy_scheduler)).unwrap();
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        th_broadcast.join().unwrap();
+        for th in th_recv {
+            th.join().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed), N_RECV);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn broadcast_query_smoke() {
+        const N_RECV: usize = 4;
+
+        let mut mailboxes = Vec::new();
+        let mut broadcaster = QueryBroadcaster::default();
+        for id in 0..N_RECV {
+            let mailbox = Receiver::new(10);
+            let address = mailbox.sender();
+            let sender = Box::new(ReplierSender::new(Counter::fetch_inc, address));
+
+            broadcaster.add(sender, LineId(id as u64));
+            mailboxes.push(mailbox);
+        }
+
+        let th_broadcast = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let iter = block_on(broadcaster.broadcast(1)).unwrap();
+            let sum = iter.fold(0, |acc, val| acc + val);
+
+            assert_eq!(sum, N_RECV * (N_RECV - 1) / 2); // sum of {0, 1, 2, ..., (N_RECV - 1)}
+        });
+
+        let counter = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+
+        let th_recv: Vec<_> = mailboxes
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|mut mailbox| {
+                thread::spawn({
+                    let mut counter = Counter::new(counter.clone());
+
+                    move || {
+                        let dummy_address = Receiver::new(1).sender();
+                        let dummy_priority_queue = Arc::new(Mutex::new(PriorityQueue::new()));
+                        let dummy_time =
+                            SyncCell::new(TearableAtomicTime::new(MonotonicTime::EPOCH)).reader();
+                        let dummy_scheduler =
+                            Scheduler::new(dummy_address, dummy_priority_queue, dummy_time);
+                        block_on(mailbox.recv(&mut counter, &dummy_scheduler)).unwrap();
+                        thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        th_broadcast.join().unwrap();
+        for th in th_recv {
+            th.join().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed), N_RECV);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, asynchronix_loom))]
+mod tests {
+    use futures_channel::mpsc;
+    use futures_util::StreamExt;
+
+    use loom::model::Builder;
+    use loom::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+    use loom::thread;
+
+    use waker_fn::waker_fn;
+
+    use super::super::sender::SendError;
+    use super::*;
+
+    // An event that may be waken spuriously.
+    struct TestEvent<R> {
+        // The receiver is actually used only once in tests, so it is moved out
+        // of the `Option` on first use.
+        receiver: Option<mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<Option<R>>>,
+    }
+    impl<R: Send + 'static> Sender<(), R> for TestEvent<R> {
+        fn send(&mut self, _arg: ()) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<R, SendError>> + Send>> {
+            let receiver = self.receiver.take().unwrap();
+
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let mut stream = Box::pin(receiver.filter_map(|item| async { item }));
+
+                Ok(stream.next().await.unwrap())
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    // An object that can wake a `TestEvent`.
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    struct TestEventWaker<R> {
+        sender: mpsc::UnboundedSender<Option<R>>,
+    }
+    impl<R> TestEventWaker<R> {
+        fn wake_spurious(&self) {
+            let _ = self.sender.unbounded_send(None);
+        }
+        fn wake_final(&self, value: R) {
+            let _ = self.sender.unbounded_send(Some(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn test_event<R>() -> (TestEvent<R>, TestEventWaker<R>) {
+        let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::unbounded();
+
+        (
+            TestEvent {
+                receiver: Some(receiver),
+            },
+            TestEventWaker { sender },
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn loom_broadcast_basic() {
+        const DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND: usize = 3;
+
+        let mut builder = Builder::new();
+        if builder.preemption_bound.is_none() {
+            builder.preemption_bound = Some(DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND);
+        }
+
+        builder.check(move || {
+            let (test_event1, waker1) = test_event::<usize>();
+            let (test_event2, waker2) = test_event::<usize>();
+            let (test_event3, waker3) = test_event::<usize>();
+
+            let mut broadcaster = QueryBroadcaster::default();
+            broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event1), LineId(1));
+            broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event2), LineId(2));
+            broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event3), LineId(3));
+
+            let mut fut = Box::pin(broadcaster.broadcast(()));
+            let is_scheduled = loom::sync::Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+            let is_scheduled_waker = is_scheduled.clone();
+
+            let waker = waker_fn(move || {
+                // We use swap rather than a plain store to work around this
+                // bug: <https://github.com/tokio-rs/loom/issues/254>
+                is_scheduled_waker.swap(true, Ordering::Release);
+            });
+            let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+
+            let th1 = thread::spawn(move || waker1.wake_final(3));
+            let th2 = thread::spawn(move || waker2.wake_final(7));
+            let th3 = thread::spawn(move || waker3.wake_final(42));
+
+            loop {
+                match fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
+                    Poll::Ready(Ok(mut res)) => {
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(3));
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(7));
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(42));
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), None);
+
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Err(_)) => panic!("sender error"),
+                    Poll::Pending => {}
+                }
+
+                // If the task has not been scheduled, exit the polling loop.
+                if !is_scheduled.swap(false, Ordering::Acquire) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            th1.join().unwrap();
+            th2.join().unwrap();
+            th3.join().unwrap();
+
+            assert!(is_scheduled.load(Ordering::Acquire));
+
+            match fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
+                Poll::Ready(Ok(mut res)) => {
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(3));
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(7));
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(42));
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), None);
+                }
+                Poll::Ready(Err(_)) => panic!("sender error"),
+                Poll::Pending => panic!("the future has not completed"),
+            };
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn loom_broadcast_spurious() {
+        const DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND: usize = 3;
+
+        let mut builder = Builder::new();
+        if builder.preemption_bound.is_none() {
+            builder.preemption_bound = Some(DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND);
+        }
+
+        builder.check(move || {
+            let (test_event1, waker1) = test_event::<usize>();
+            let (test_event2, waker2) = test_event::<usize>();
+
+            let mut broadcaster = QueryBroadcaster::default();
+            broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event1), LineId(1));
+            broadcaster.add(Box::new(test_event2), LineId(2));
+
+            let mut fut = Box::pin(broadcaster.broadcast(()));
+            let is_scheduled = loom::sync::Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+            let is_scheduled_waker = is_scheduled.clone();
+
+            let waker = waker_fn(move || {
+                // We use swap rather than a plain store to work around this
+                // bug: <https://github.com/tokio-rs/loom/issues/254>
+                is_scheduled_waker.swap(true, Ordering::Release);
+            });
+            let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+
+            let spurious_waker = waker1.clone();
+            let th1 = thread::spawn(move || waker1.wake_final(3));
+            let th2 = thread::spawn(move || waker2.wake_final(7));
+            let th_spurious = thread::spawn(move || spurious_waker.wake_spurious());
+
+            loop {
+                match fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
+                    Poll::Ready(Ok(mut res)) => {
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(3));
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(7));
+                        assert_eq!(res.next(), None);
+
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    Poll::Ready(Err(_)) => panic!("sender error"),
+                    Poll::Pending => {}
+                }
+
+                // If the task has not been scheduled, exit the polling loop.
+                if !is_scheduled.swap(false, Ordering::Acquire) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            th1.join().unwrap();
+            th2.join().unwrap();
+            th_spurious.join().unwrap();
+
+            assert!(is_scheduled.load(Ordering::Acquire));
+
+            match fut.as_mut().poll(&mut cx) {
+                Poll::Ready(Ok(mut res)) => {
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(3));
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), Some(7));
+                    assert_eq!(res.next(), None);
+                }
+                Poll::Ready(Err(_)) => panic!("sender error"),
+                Poll::Pending => panic!("the future has not completed"),
+            };
+        });
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/ports/source/sender.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+use futures_channel::oneshot;
+use recycle_box::{coerce_box, RecycleBox};
+
+use crate::channel;
+use crate::model::Model;
+use crate::ports::{InputFn, ReplierFn};
+
+pub(super) type SenderFuture<R> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<R, SendError>> + Send>>;
+
+/// An event or query sender abstracting over the target model and input method.
+pub(super) trait Sender<T, R>: Send {
+    /// Asynchronously send the event or request.
+    fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> SenderFuture<R>;
+}
+
+/// An object that can send events to an input port.
+pub(super) struct InputSender<M: 'static, F, T, S> {
+    func: F,
+    sender: channel::Sender<M>,
+    _phantom_closure: PhantomData<fn(&mut M, T)>,
+    _phantom_closure_marker: PhantomData<S>,
+}
+
+impl<M: Send, F, T, S> InputSender<M, F, T, S>
+where
+    M: Model,
+    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+{
+    pub(super) fn new(func: F, sender: channel::Sender<M>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            func,
+            sender,
+            _phantom_closure: PhantomData,
+            _phantom_closure_marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M: Send, F, T, S> Sender<T, ()> for InputSender<M, F, T, S>
+where
+    M: Model,
+    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    S: Send + 'static,
+{
+    fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> SenderFuture<()> {
+        let func = self.func.clone();
+        let sender = self.sender.clone();
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            sender
+                .send(move |model, scheduler, recycle_box| {
+                    let fut = func.call(model, arg, scheduler);
+
+                    coerce_box!(RecycleBox::recycle(recycle_box, fut))
+                })
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| SendError {})
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// An object that can send a request to a replier port and retrieve a response.
+pub(super) struct ReplierSender<M: 'static, F, T, R, S> {
+    func: F,
+    sender: channel::Sender<M>,
+    _phantom_closure: PhantomData<fn(&mut M, T) -> R>,
+    _phantom_closure_marker: PhantomData<S>,
+}
+
+impl<M, F, T, R, S> ReplierSender<M, F, T, R, S>
+where
+    M: Model,
+    F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S>,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    R: Send + 'static,
+{
+    pub(super) fn new(func: F, sender: channel::Sender<M>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            func,
+            sender,
+            _phantom_closure: PhantomData,
+            _phantom_closure_marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M, F, T, R, S> Sender<T, R> for ReplierSender<M, F, T, R, S>
+where
+    M: Model,
+    F: for<'a> ReplierFn<'a, M, T, R, S> + Clone,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    R: Send + 'static,
+    S: Send,
+{
+    fn send(&mut self, arg: T) -> SenderFuture<R> {
+        let func = self.func.clone();
+        let sender = self.sender.clone();
+        let (reply_sender, reply_receiver) = oneshot::channel();
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            sender
+                .send(move |model, scheduler, recycle_box| {
+                    let fut = async move {
+                        let reply = func.call(model, arg, scheduler).await;
+                        let _ = reply_sender.send(reply);
+                    };
+
+                    coerce_box!(RecycleBox::recycle(recycle_box, fut))
+                })
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| SendError {})?;
+
+            reply_receiver.await.map_err(|_| SendError {})
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error returned when the mailbox was closed or dropped.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) struct SendError {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SendError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "sending message into a closed mailbox")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for SendError {}

asynchronix/src/rpc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! Simulation management through remote procedure calls.
+
+mod codegen;
+mod endpoint_registry;
+mod generic_server;
+#[cfg(feature = "grpc-server")]
+pub mod grpc;
+mod key_registry;
+
+pub use endpoint_registry::EndpointRegistry;

asynchronix/src/rpc/api/custom_transport.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Additional types for transport implementations which, unlike gRPC, do not
+// support auto-generation from the `Simulation` service description.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package custom_transport;
+
+import "simulation.proto";
+
+enum ServerErrorCode {
+  UNKNOWN_REQUEST = 0;
+  EMPTY_REQUEST = 1;
+}
+
+message ServerError {
+  ServerErrorCode code = 1;
+  string message = 2;
+}
+
+message AnyRequest {
+  oneof request { // Expects exactly 1 variant.
+    simulation.InitRequest init_request = 1;
+    simulation.TimeRequest time_request = 2;
+    simulation.StepRequest step_request = 3;
+    simulation.StepUntilRequest step_until_request = 4;
+    simulation.ScheduleEventRequest schedule_event_request = 5;
+    simulation.CancelEventRequest cancel_event_request = 6;
+    simulation.ProcessEventRequest process_event_request = 7;
+    simulation.ProcessQueryRequest process_query_request = 8;
+    simulation.ReadEventsRequest read_events_request = 9;
+    simulation.OpenSinkRequest open_sink_request = 10;
+    simulation.CloseSinkRequest close_sink_request = 11;
+  }
+}
+
+message AnyReply {
+  oneof reply { // Contains exactly 1 variant.
+    simulation.InitReply init_reply = 1;
+    simulation.TimeReply time_reply = 2;
+    simulation.StepReply step_reply = 3;
+    simulation.StepUntilReply step_until_reply = 4;
+    simulation.ScheduleEventReply schedule_event_reply = 5;
+    simulation.CancelEventReply cancel_event_reply = 6;
+    simulation.ProcessEventReply process_event_reply = 7;
+    simulation.ProcessQueryReply process_query_reply = 8;
+    simulation.ReadEventsReply read_events_reply = 9;
+    simulation.OpenSinkReply open_sink_reply = 10;
+    simulation.CloseSinkReply close_sink_reply = 11;
+    ServerError error = 100;
+  }
+}

asynchronix/src/rpc/api/simulation.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// The main simulation protocol.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package simulation;
+
+import "google/protobuf/duration.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+enum ErrorCode {
+  INTERNAL_ERROR = 0;
+  SIMULATION_NOT_STARTED = 1;
+  MISSING_ARGUMENT = 2;
+  INVALID_TIME = 3;
+  INVALID_DURATION = 4;
+  INVALID_MESSAGE = 5;
+  INVALID_KEY = 6;
+  SOURCE_NOT_FOUND = 10;
+  SINK_NOT_FOUND = 11;
+  KEY_NOT_FOUND = 12;
+  SIMULATION_TIME_OUT_OF_RANGE = 13;
+}
+
+message Error {
+  ErrorCode code = 1;
+  string message = 2;
+}
+
+message EventKey {
+  uint64 subkey1 = 1;
+  uint64 subkey2 = 2;
+}
+
+message InitRequest { optional google.protobuf.Timestamp time = 1; }
+message InitReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 1;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message TimeRequest {}
+message TimeReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Timestamp time = 1;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message StepRequest {}
+message StepReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Timestamp time = 1;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message StepUntilRequest {
+  oneof deadline { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Timestamp time = 1;
+    google.protobuf.Duration duration = 2;
+  }
+}
+message StepUntilReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Timestamp time = 1;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message ScheduleEventRequest {
+  oneof deadline { // Expects exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Timestamp time = 1;
+    google.protobuf.Duration duration = 2;
+  }
+  string source_name = 3;
+  bytes event = 4;
+  optional google.protobuf.Duration period = 5;
+  optional bool with_key = 6;
+}
+message ScheduleEventReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 1;
+    EventKey key = 2;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message CancelEventRequest { EventKey key = 1; }
+message CancelEventReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 1;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message ProcessEventRequest {
+  string source_name = 1;
+  bytes event = 2;
+}
+message ProcessEventReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 1;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message ProcessQueryRequest {
+  string source_name = 1;
+  bytes request = 2;
+}
+message ProcessQueryReply {
+  // This field is hoisted because protobuf3 does not support `repeated` within
+  // a `oneof`. It is Always empty if an error is returned
+  repeated bytes replies = 1;
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 10;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message ReadEventsRequest { string sink_name = 1; }
+message ReadEventsReply {
+  // This field is hoisted because protobuf3 does not support `repeated` within
+  // a `oneof`. It is Always empty if an error is returned
+  repeated bytes events = 1;
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 10;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message OpenSinkRequest { string sink_name = 1; }
+message OpenSinkReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 10;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+message CloseSinkRequest { string sink_name = 1; }
+message CloseSinkReply {
+  oneof result { // Always returns exactly 1 variant.
+    google.protobuf.Empty empty = 10;
+    Error error = 100;
+  }
+}
+
+service Simulation {
+  rpc Init(InitRequest) returns (InitReply);
+  rpc Time(TimeRequest) returns (TimeReply);
+  rpc Step(StepRequest) returns (StepReply);
+  rpc StepUntil(StepUntilRequest) returns (StepUntilReply);
+  rpc ScheduleEvent(ScheduleEventRequest) returns (ScheduleEventReply);
+  rpc CancelEvent(CancelEventRequest) returns (CancelEventReply);
+  rpc ProcessEvent(ProcessEventRequest) returns (ProcessEventReply);
+  rpc ProcessQuery(ProcessQueryRequest) returns (ProcessQueryReply);
+  rpc ReadEvents(ReadEventsRequest) returns (ReadEventsReply);
+  rpc OpenSink(OpenSinkRequest) returns (OpenSinkReply);
+  rpc CloseSink(CloseSinkRequest) returns (CloseSinkReply);
+}

asynchronix/src/rpc/codegen.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(unreachable_pub)]
+#![allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
+
+pub(crate) mod custom_transport;
+pub(crate) mod simulation;

asynchronix/src/rpc/codegen/custom_transport.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// This file is @generated by prost-build.
+#[allow(clippy::derive_partial_eq_without_eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, ::prost::Message)]
+pub struct ServerError {
+    #[prost(enumeration = "ServerErrorCode", tag = "1")]
+    pub code: i32,
+    #[prost(string, tag = "2")]
+    pub message: ::prost::alloc::string::String,
+}
+#[allow(clippy::derive_partial_eq_without_eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, ::prost::Message)]
+pub struct AnyRequest {
+    /// Expects exactly 1 variant.
+    #[prost(oneof = "any_request::Request", tags = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11")]
+    pub request: ::core::option::Option<any_request::Request>,
+}
+/// Nested message and enum types in `AnyRequest`.
+pub mod any_request {
+    /// Expects exactly 1 variant.
+    #[allow(clippy::derive_partial_eq_without_eq)]
+    #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, ::prost::Oneof)]
+    pub enum Request {
+        #[prost(message, tag = "1")]
+        InitRequest(super::super::simulation::InitRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "2")]
+        TimeRequest(super::super::simulation::TimeRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "3")]
+        StepRequest(super::super::simulation::StepRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "4")]
+        StepUntilRequest(super::super::simulation::StepUntilRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "5")]
+        ScheduleEventRequest(super::super::simulation::ScheduleEventRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "6")]
+        CancelEventRequest(super::super::simulation::CancelEventRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "7")]
+        ProcessEventRequest(super::super::simulation::ProcessEventRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "8")]
+        ProcessQueryRequest(super::super::simulation::ProcessQueryRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "9")]
+        ReadEventsRequest(super::super::simulation::ReadEventsRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "10")]
+        OpenSinkRequest(super::super::simulation::OpenSinkRequest),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "11")]
+        CloseSinkRequest(super::super::simulation::CloseSinkRequest),
+    }
+}
+#[allow(clippy::derive_partial_eq_without_eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, ::prost::Message)]
+pub struct AnyReply {
+    /// Contains exactly 1 variant.
+    #[prost(oneof = "any_reply::Reply", tags = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 100")]
+    pub reply: ::core::option::Option<any_reply::Reply>,
+}
+/// Nested message and enum types in `AnyReply`.
+pub mod any_reply {
+    /// Contains exactly 1 variant.
+    #[allow(clippy::derive_partial_eq_without_eq)]
+    #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, ::prost::Oneof)]
+    pub enum Reply {
+        #[prost(message, tag = "1")]
+        InitReply(super::super::simulation::InitReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "2")]
+        TimeReply(super::super::simulation::TimeReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "3")]
+        StepReply(super::super::simulation::StepReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "4")]
+        StepUntilReply(super::super::simulation::StepUntilReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "5")]
+        ScheduleEventReply(super::super::simulation::ScheduleEventReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "6")]
+        CancelEventReply(super::super::simulation::CancelEventReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "7")]
+        ProcessEventReply(super::super::simulation::ProcessEventReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "8")]
+        ProcessQueryReply(super::super::simulation::ProcessQueryReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "9")]
+        ReadEventsReply(super::super::simulation::ReadEventsReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "10")]
+        OpenSinkReply(super::super::simulation::OpenSinkReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "11")]
+        CloseSinkReply(super::super::simulation::CloseSinkReply),
+        #[prost(message, tag = "100")]
+        Error(super::ServerError),
+    }
+}
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, ::prost::Enumeration)]
+#[repr(i32)]
+pub enum ServerErrorCode {
+    UnknownRequest = 0,
+    EmptyRequest = 1,
+}
+impl ServerErrorCode {
+    /// String value of the enum field names used in the ProtoBuf definition.
+    ///
+    /// The values are not transformed in any way and thus are considered stable
+    /// (if the ProtoBuf definition does not change) and safe for programmatic use.
+    pub fn as_str_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ServerErrorCode::UnknownRequest => "UNKNOWN_REQUEST",
+            ServerErrorCode::EmptyRequest => "EMPTY_REQUEST",
+        }
+    }
+    /// Creates an enum from field names used in the ProtoBuf definition.
+    pub fn from_str_name(value: &str) -> ::core::option::Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            "UNKNOWN_REQUEST" => Some(Self::UnknownRequest),
+            "EMPTY_REQUEST" => Some(Self::EmptyRequest),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/rpc/endpoint_registry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use rmp_serde::decode::Error as RmpDecodeError;
+use rmp_serde::encode::Error as RmpEncodeError;
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use crate::ports::{EventSinkStream, EventSource, QuerySource, ReplyReceiver};
+use crate::time::{Action, ActionKey};
+
+/// A registry that holds all sources and sinks meant to be accessed through
+/// remote procedure calls.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct EndpointRegistry {
+    event_sources: HashMap<String, Box<dyn EventSourceAny>>,
+    query_sources: HashMap<String, Box<dyn QuerySourceAny>>,
+    sinks: HashMap<String, Box<dyn EventSinkStreamAny>>,
+}
+
+impl EndpointRegistry {
+    /// Creates an empty `EndpointRegistry`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds an event source to the registry.
+    ///
+    /// If the specified name is already in use for another event source, the source
+    /// provided as argument is returned in the error.
+    pub fn add_event_source<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        source: EventSource<T>,
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), EventSource<T>>
+    where
+        T: DeserializeOwned + Clone + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        match self.event_sources.entry(name.into()) {
+            Entry::Vacant(s) => {
+                s.insert(Box::new(source));
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Entry::Occupied(_) => Err(source),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the specified event source if it is in
+    /// the registry.
+    pub(crate) fn get_event_source_mut(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut dyn EventSourceAny> {
+        self.event_sources.get_mut(name).map(|s| s.as_mut())
+    }
+
+    /// Adds an query source to the registry.
+    ///
+    /// If the specified name is already in use for another query source, the source
+    /// provided as argument is returned in the error.
+    pub fn add_query_source<T, R>(
+        &mut self,
+        source: QuerySource<T, R>,
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), QuerySource<T, R>>
+    where
+        T: DeserializeOwned + Clone + Send + 'static,
+        R: Serialize + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        match self.query_sources.entry(name.into()) {
+            Entry::Vacant(s) => {
+                s.insert(Box::new(source));
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Entry::Occupied(_) => Err(source),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the specified query source if it is in
+    /// the registry.
+    pub(crate) fn get_query_source_mut(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut dyn QuerySourceAny> {
+        self.query_sources.get_mut(name).map(|s| s.as_mut())
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a sink to the registry.
+    ///
+    /// If the specified name is already in use for another sink, the sink
+    /// provided as argument is returned in the error.
+    pub fn add_sink<S>(&mut self, sink: S, name: impl Into<String>) -> Result<(), S>
+    where
+        S: EventSinkStream + Send + 'static,
+        S::Item: Serialize,
+    {
+        match self.sinks.entry(name.into()) {
+            Entry::Vacant(s) => {
+                s.insert(Box::new(sink));
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Entry::Occupied(_) => Err(sink),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the specified sink if it is in the
+    /// registry.
+    pub(crate) fn get_sink_mut(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut dyn EventSinkStreamAny> {
+        self.sinks.get_mut(name).map(|s| s.as_mut())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for EndpointRegistry {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "EndpointRegistry ({} sources, {} sinks)",
+            self.event_sources.len(),
+            self.sinks.len()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// A type-erased `EventSource` that operates on MessagePack-encoded serialized
+/// events.
+pub(crate) trait EventSourceAny: Send + 'static {
+    /// Returns an action which, when processed, broadcasts an event to all
+    /// connected input ports.
+    ///
+    /// The argument is expected to conform to the serde MessagePack encoding.
+    fn event(&mut self, msgpack_arg: &[u8]) -> Result<Action, RmpDecodeError>;
+
+    /// Returns a cancellable action and a cancellation key; when processed, the
+    /// action broadcasts an event to all connected input ports.
+    ///
+    /// The argument is expected to conform to the serde MessagePack encoding.
+    fn keyed_event(&mut self, msgpack_arg: &[u8]) -> Result<(Action, ActionKey), RmpDecodeError>;
+
+    /// Returns a periodically recurring action which, when processed,
+    /// broadcasts an event to all connected input ports.
+    ///
+    /// The argument is expected to conform to the serde MessagePack encoding.
+    fn periodic_event(
+        &mut self,
+        period: Duration,
+        msgpack_arg: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<Action, RmpDecodeError>;
+
+    /// Returns a cancellable, periodically recurring action and a cancellation
+    /// key; when processed, the action broadcasts an event to all connected
+    /// input ports.
+    ///
+    /// The argument is expected to conform to the serde MessagePack encoding.
+    fn keyed_periodic_event(
+        &mut self,
+        period: Duration,
+        msgpack_arg: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(Action, ActionKey), RmpDecodeError>;
+
+    /// Human-readable name of the event type, as returned by
+    /// `any::type_name()`.
+    fn event_type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+}
+
+impl<T> EventSourceAny for EventSource<T>
+where
+    T: DeserializeOwned + Clone + Send + 'static,
+{
+    fn event(&mut self, msgpack_arg: &[u8]) -> Result<Action, RmpDecodeError> {
+        rmp_serde::from_read(msgpack_arg).map(|arg| self.event(arg))
+    }
+    fn keyed_event(&mut self, msgpack_arg: &[u8]) -> Result<(Action, ActionKey), RmpDecodeError> {
+        rmp_serde::from_read(msgpack_arg).map(|arg| self.keyed_event(arg))
+    }
+    fn periodic_event(
+        &mut self,
+        period: Duration,
+        msgpack_arg: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<Action, RmpDecodeError> {
+        rmp_serde::from_read(msgpack_arg).map(|arg| self.periodic_event(period, arg))
+    }
+    fn keyed_periodic_event(
+        &mut self,
+        period: Duration,
+        msgpack_arg: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(Action, ActionKey), RmpDecodeError> {
+        rmp_serde::from_read(msgpack_arg).map(|arg| self.keyed_periodic_event(period, arg))
+    }
+    fn event_type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        std::any::type_name::<T>()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A type-erased `QuerySource` that operates on MessagePack-encoded serialized
+/// queries and returns MessagePack-encoded replies.
+pub(crate) trait QuerySourceAny: Send + 'static {
+    /// Returns an action which, when processed, broadcasts a query to all
+    /// connected replier ports.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// The argument is expected to conform to the serde MessagePack encoding.
+    fn query(
+        &mut self,
+        msgpack_arg: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(Action, Box<dyn ReplyReceiverAny>), RmpDecodeError>;
+
+    /// Human-readable name of the request type, as returned by
+    /// `any::type_name()`.
+    fn request_type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Human-readable name of the reply type, as returned by
+    /// `any::type_name()`.
+    fn reply_type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+}
+
+impl<T, R> QuerySourceAny for QuerySource<T, R>
+where
+    T: DeserializeOwned + Clone + Send + 'static,
+    R: Serialize + Send + 'static,
+{
+    fn query(
+        &mut self,
+        msgpack_arg: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(Action, Box<dyn ReplyReceiverAny>), RmpDecodeError> {
+        rmp_serde::from_read(msgpack_arg).map(|arg| {
+            let (action, reply_recv) = self.query(arg);
+            let reply_recv: Box<dyn ReplyReceiverAny> = Box::new(reply_recv);
+
+            (action, reply_recv)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn request_type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        std::any::type_name::<T>()
+    }
+
+    fn reply_type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        std::any::type_name::<R>()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A type-erased `EventSinkStream`.
+pub(crate) trait EventSinkStreamAny: Send + 'static {
+    /// Human-readable name of the event type, as returned by
+    /// `any::type_name()`.
+    fn event_type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Starts or resumes the collection of new events.
+    fn open(&mut self);
+
+    /// Pauses the collection of new events.
+    fn close(&mut self);
+
+    /// Encode and collect all events in a vector.
+    fn collect(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, RmpEncodeError>;
+}
+
+impl<E> EventSinkStreamAny for E
+where
+    E: EventSinkStream + Send + 'static,
+    E::Item: Serialize,
+{
+    fn event_type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        std::any::type_name::<E::Item>()
+    }
+
+    fn open(&mut self) {
+        self.open();
+    }
+
+    fn close(&mut self) {
+        self.close();
+    }
+
+    fn collect(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, RmpEncodeError> {
+        EventSinkStream::try_fold(self, Vec::new(), |mut encoded_events, event| {
+            rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&event).map(|encoded_event| {
+                encoded_events.push(encoded_event);
+
+                encoded_events
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A type-erased `ReplyReceiver` that returns MessagePack-encoded replies..
+pub(crate) trait ReplyReceiverAny {
+    /// Take the replies, if any, encode them and collect them in a vector.
+    fn take_collect(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, RmpEncodeError>>;
+}
+
+impl<R: Serialize + 'static> ReplyReceiverAny for ReplyReceiver<R> {
+    fn take_collect(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, RmpEncodeError>> {
+        let replies = self.take()?;
+
+        let encoded_replies = (move || {
+            let mut encoded_replies = Vec::new();
+            for reply in replies {
+                let encoded_reply = rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&reply)?;
+                encoded_replies.push(encoded_reply);
+            }
+
+            Ok(encoded_replies)
+        })();
+
+        Some(encoded_replies)
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/rpc/generic_server.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bytes::Buf;
+use prost::Message;
+use prost_types::Timestamp;
+use tai_time::MonotonicTime;
+
+use crate::rpc::key_registry::{KeyRegistry, KeyRegistryId};
+use crate::rpc::EndpointRegistry;
+use crate::simulation::{SimInit, Simulation};
+
+use super::codegen::custom_transport::*;
+use super::codegen::simulation::*;
+
+/// Transport-independent server implementation.
+///
+/// This implementation implements the protobuf services without any
+/// transport-specific management.
+pub(crate) struct GenericServer<F> {
+    sim_gen: F,
+    sim_context: Option<(Simulation, EndpointRegistry, KeyRegistry)>,
+}
+
+impl<F> GenericServer<F>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> (SimInit, EndpointRegistry) + Send + 'static,
+{
+    /// Creates a new `GenericServer` without any active simulation.
+    pub(crate) fn new(sim_gen: F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            sim_gen,
+            sim_context: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Processes an encoded `AnyRequest` message and returns an encoded
+    /// `AnyReply`.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn service_request<B>(&mut self, request_buf: B) -> Vec<u8>
+    where
+        B: Buf,
+    {
+        let reply = match AnyRequest::decode(request_buf) {
+            Ok(AnyRequest { request: Some(req) }) => match req {
+                any_request::Request::InitRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::InitReply(self.init(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::TimeRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::TimeReply(self.time(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::StepRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::StepReply(self.step(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::StepUntilRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::StepUntilReply(self.step_until(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::ScheduleEventRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::ScheduleEventReply(self.schedule_event(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::CancelEventRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::CancelEventReply(self.cancel_event(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::ProcessEventRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::ProcessEventReply(self.process_event(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::ProcessQueryRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::ProcessQueryReply(self.process_query(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::ReadEventsRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::ReadEventsReply(self.read_events(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::OpenSinkRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::OpenSinkReply(self.open_sink(request))
+                }
+                any_request::Request::CloseSinkRequest(request) => {
+                    any_reply::Reply::CloseSinkReply(self.close_sink(request))
+                }
+            },
+            Ok(AnyRequest { request: None }) => any_reply::Reply::Error(ServerError {
+                code: ServerErrorCode::EmptyRequest as i32,
+                message: "the message did not contain any request".to_string(),
+            }),
+            Err(err) => any_reply::Reply::Error(ServerError {
+                code: ServerErrorCode::UnknownRequest as i32,
+                message: format!("bad request: {}", err),
+            }),
+        };
+
+        let reply = AnyReply { reply: Some(reply) };
+
+        reply.encode_to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize a simulation with the provided time.
+    ///
+    /// If a simulation is already active, it is destructed and replaced with a
+    /// new simulation.
+    ///
+    /// If the initialization time is not provided, it is initialized with the
+    /// epoch of `MonotonicTime` (1970-01-01 00:00:00 TAI).
+    pub(crate) fn init(&mut self, request: InitRequest) -> InitReply {
+        let start_time = request.time.unwrap_or_default();
+        let reply = if let Some(start_time) = timestamp_to_monotonic(start_time) {
+            let (sim_init, endpoint_registry) = (self.sim_gen)();
+            let simulation = sim_init.init(start_time);
+            self.sim_context = Some((simulation, endpoint_registry, KeyRegistry::default()));
+
+            init_reply::Result::Empty(())
+        } else {
+            init_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                code: ErrorCode::InvalidTime as i32,
+                message: "out-of-range nanosecond field".to_string(),
+            })
+        };
+
+        InitReply {
+            result: Some(reply),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current simulation time.
+    pub(crate) fn time(&mut self, _request: TimeRequest) -> TimeReply {
+        let reply = match &self.sim_context {
+            Some((simulation, ..)) => {
+                if let Some(timestamp) = monotonic_to_timestamp(simulation.time()) {
+                    time_reply::Result::Time(timestamp)
+                } else {
+                    time_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                        code: ErrorCode::SimulationTimeOutOfRange as i32,
+                        message: "the final simulation time is out of range".to_string(),
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+            None => time_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                code: ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted as i32,
+                message: "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            }),
+        };
+
+        TimeReply {
+            result: Some(reply),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Advances simulation time to that of the next scheduled event, processing
+    /// that event as well as all other event scheduled for the same time.
+    ///
+    /// Processing is gated by a (possibly blocking) call to
+    /// [`Clock::synchronize()`](crate::time::Clock::synchronize) on the
+    /// configured simulation clock. This method blocks until all newly
+    /// processed events have completed.
+    pub(crate) fn step(&mut self, _request: StepRequest) -> StepReply {
+        let reply = match &mut self.sim_context {
+            Some((simulation, ..)) => {
+                simulation.step();
+                if let Some(timestamp) = monotonic_to_timestamp(simulation.time()) {
+                    step_reply::Result::Time(timestamp)
+                } else {
+                    step_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                        code: ErrorCode::SimulationTimeOutOfRange as i32,
+                        message: "the final simulation time is out of range".to_string(),
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+            None => step_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                code: ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted as i32,
+                message: "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            }),
+        };
+
+        StepReply {
+            result: Some(reply),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iteratively advances the simulation time until the specified deadline,
+    /// as if by calling
+    /// [`Simulation::step()`](crate::simulation::Simulation::step) repeatedly.
+    ///
+    /// This method blocks until all events scheduled up to the specified target
+    /// time have completed. The simulation time upon completion is equal to the
+    /// specified target time, whether or not an event was scheduled for that
+    /// time.
+    pub(crate) fn step_until(&mut self, request: StepUntilRequest) -> StepUntilReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<Timestamp, (ErrorCode, &str)> {
+            let deadline = request
+                .deadline
+                .ok_or((ErrorCode::MissingArgument, "missing deadline argument"))?;
+
+            let simulation = match deadline {
+                step_until_request::Deadline::Time(time) => {
+                    let time = timestamp_to_monotonic(time)
+                        .ok_or((ErrorCode::InvalidTime, "out-of-range nanosecond field"))?;
+
+                    let (simulation, ..) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                        ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                        "the simulation was not started",
+                    ))?;
+
+                    simulation.step_until(time).map_err(|_| {
+                        (
+                            ErrorCode::InvalidTime,
+                            "the specified deadline lies in the past",
+                        )
+                    })?;
+
+                    simulation
+                }
+
+                step_until_request::Deadline::Duration(duration) => {
+                    let duration = to_positive_duration(duration).ok_or((
+                        ErrorCode::InvalidDuration,
+                        "the specified deadline lies in the past",
+                    ))?;
+
+                    let (simulation, ..) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                        ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                        "the simulation was not started",
+                    ))?;
+
+                    simulation.step_by(duration);
+
+                    simulation
+                }
+            };
+
+            let timestamp = monotonic_to_timestamp(simulation.time()).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationTimeOutOfRange,
+                "the final simulation time is out of range",
+            ))?;
+
+            Ok(timestamp)
+        }();
+
+        StepUntilReply {
+            result: Some(match reply {
+                Ok(timestamp) => step_until_reply::Result::Time(timestamp),
+                Err((code, message)) => step_until_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message: message.to_string(),
+                }),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Schedules an event at a future time.
+    pub(crate) fn schedule_event(&mut self, request: ScheduleEventRequest) -> ScheduleEventReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<Option<KeyRegistryId>, (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let source_name = &request.source_name;
+            let msgpack_event = &request.event;
+            let with_key = request.with_key.unwrap_or_default();
+            let period = request
+                .period
+                .map(|period| {
+                    to_strictly_positive_duration(period).ok_or((
+                        ErrorCode::InvalidDuration,
+                        "the specified event period is not strictly positive".to_string(),
+                    ))
+                })
+                .transpose()?;
+
+            let (simulation, endpoint_registry, key_registry) =
+                self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                    ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                    "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+                ))?;
+
+            let deadline = request.deadline.ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::MissingArgument,
+                "missing deadline argument".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let deadline = match deadline {
+                schedule_event_request::Deadline::Time(time) => timestamp_to_monotonic(time)
+                    .ok_or((
+                        ErrorCode::InvalidTime,
+                        "out-of-range nanosecond field".to_string(),
+                    ))?,
+                schedule_event_request::Deadline::Duration(duration) => {
+                    let duration = to_strictly_positive_duration(duration).ok_or((
+                        ErrorCode::InvalidDuration,
+                        "the specified scheduling deadline is not in the future".to_string(),
+                    ))?;
+
+                    simulation.time() + duration
+                }
+            };
+
+            let source = endpoint_registry.get_event_source_mut(source_name).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SourceNotFound,
+                "no event source is registered with the name '{}'".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let (action, action_key) = match (with_key, period) {
+                (false, None) => source.event(msgpack_event).map(|action| (action, None)),
+                (false, Some(period)) => source
+                    .periodic_event(period, msgpack_event)
+                    .map(|action| (action, None)),
+                (true, None) => source
+                    .keyed_event(msgpack_event)
+                    .map(|(action, key)| (action, Some(key))),
+                (true, Some(period)) => source
+                    .keyed_periodic_event(period, msgpack_event)
+                    .map(|(action, key)| (action, Some(key))),
+            }
+            .map_err(|_| {
+                (
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidMessage,
+                    format!(
+                        "the event could not be deserialized as type '{}'",
+                        source.event_type_name()
+                    ),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            let key_id = action_key.map(|action_key| {
+                // Free stale keys from the registry.
+                key_registry.remove_expired_keys(simulation.time());
+
+                if period.is_some() {
+                    key_registry.insert_eternal_key(action_key)
+                } else {
+                    key_registry.insert_key(action_key, deadline)
+                }
+            });
+
+            simulation.process(action);
+
+            Ok(key_id)
+        }();
+
+        ScheduleEventReply {
+            result: Some(match reply {
+                Ok(Some(key_id)) => {
+                    let (subkey1, subkey2) = key_id.into_raw_parts();
+                    schedule_event_reply::Result::Key(EventKey {
+                        subkey1: subkey1
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("action key index is too large to be serialized"),
+                        subkey2,
+                    })
+                }
+                Ok(None) => schedule_event_reply::Result::Empty(()),
+                Err((code, message)) => schedule_event_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                }),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Cancels a keyed event.
+    pub(crate) fn cancel_event(&mut self, request: CancelEventRequest) -> CancelEventReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<(), (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let key = request.key.ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::MissingArgument,
+                "missing key argument".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+            let subkey1: usize = key
+                .subkey1
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(|_| (ErrorCode::InvalidKey, "invalid event key".to_string()))?;
+            let subkey2 = key.subkey2;
+
+            let (simulation, _, key_registry) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let key_id = KeyRegistryId::from_raw_parts(subkey1, subkey2);
+
+            key_registry.remove_expired_keys(simulation.time());
+            let key = key_registry.extract_key(key_id).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::InvalidKey,
+                "invalid or expired event key".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            key.cancel();
+
+            Ok(())
+        }();
+
+        CancelEventReply {
+            result: Some(match reply {
+                Ok(()) => cancel_event_reply::Result::Empty(()),
+                Err((code, message)) => cancel_event_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                }),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts an event from an event source immediately, blocking until
+    /// completion.
+    ///
+    /// Simulation time remains unchanged.
+    pub(crate) fn process_event(&mut self, request: ProcessEventRequest) -> ProcessEventReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<(), (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let source_name = &request.source_name;
+            let msgpack_event = &request.event;
+
+            let (simulation, registry, _) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let source = registry.get_event_source_mut(source_name).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SourceNotFound,
+                "no source is registered with the name '{}'".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let event = source.event(msgpack_event).map_err(|_| {
+                (
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidMessage,
+                    format!(
+                        "the event could not be deserialized as type '{}'",
+                        source.event_type_name()
+                    ),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            simulation.process(event);
+
+            Ok(())
+        }();
+
+        ProcessEventReply {
+            result: Some(match reply {
+                Ok(()) => process_event_reply::Result::Empty(()),
+                Err((code, message)) => process_event_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                }),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcasts an event from an event source immediately, blocking until
+    /// completion.
+    ///
+    /// Simulation time remains unchanged.
+    pub(crate) fn process_query(&mut self, request: ProcessQueryRequest) -> ProcessQueryReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let source_name = &request.source_name;
+            let msgpack_request = &request.request;
+
+            let (simulation, registry, _) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let source = registry.get_query_source_mut(source_name).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SourceNotFound,
+                "no source is registered with the name '{}'".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let (query, mut promise) = source.query(msgpack_request).map_err(|_| {
+                (
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidMessage,
+                    format!(
+                        "the request could not be deserialized as type '{}'",
+                        source.request_type_name()
+                    ),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            simulation.process(query);
+
+            let replies = promise.take_collect().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::InternalError,
+                "a reply to the query was expected but none was available".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            replies.map_err(|_| {
+                (
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidMessage,
+                    format!(
+                        "the reply could not be serialized as type '{}'",
+                        source.reply_type_name()
+                    ),
+                )
+            })
+        }();
+
+        match reply {
+            Ok(replies) => ProcessQueryReply {
+                replies,
+                result: Some(process_query_reply::Result::Empty(())),
+            },
+            Err((code, message)) => ProcessQueryReply {
+                replies: Vec::new(),
+                result: Some(process_query_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                })),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Read all events from an event sink.
+    pub(crate) fn read_events(&mut self, request: ReadEventsRequest) -> ReadEventsReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let sink_name = &request.sink_name;
+
+            let (_, registry, _) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let sink = registry.get_sink_mut(sink_name).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SinkNotFound,
+                "no sink is registered with the name '{}'".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            sink.collect().map_err(|_| {
+                (
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidMessage,
+                    format!(
+                        "the event could not be serialized from type '{}'",
+                        sink.event_type_name()
+                    ),
+                )
+            })
+        }();
+
+        match reply {
+            Ok(events) => ReadEventsReply {
+                events,
+                result: Some(read_events_reply::Result::Empty(())),
+            },
+            Err((code, message)) => ReadEventsReply {
+                events: Vec::new(),
+                result: Some(read_events_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                })),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Opens an event sink.
+    pub(crate) fn open_sink(&mut self, request: OpenSinkRequest) -> OpenSinkReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<(), (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let sink_name = &request.sink_name;
+
+            let (_, registry, _) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let sink = registry.get_sink_mut(sink_name).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SinkNotFound,
+                "no sink is registered with the name '{}'".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            sink.open();
+
+            Ok(())
+        }();
+
+        match reply {
+            Ok(()) => OpenSinkReply {
+                result: Some(open_sink_reply::Result::Empty(())),
+            },
+            Err((code, message)) => OpenSinkReply {
+                result: Some(open_sink_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                })),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Closes an event sink.
+    pub(crate) fn close_sink(&mut self, request: CloseSinkRequest) -> CloseSinkReply {
+        let reply = move || -> Result<(), (ErrorCode, String)> {
+            let sink_name = &request.sink_name;
+
+            let (_, registry, _) = self.sim_context.as_mut().ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SimulationNotStarted,
+                "the simulation was not started".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            let sink = registry.get_sink_mut(sink_name).ok_or((
+                ErrorCode::SinkNotFound,
+                "no sink is registered with the name '{}'".to_string(),
+            ))?;
+
+            sink.close();
+
+            Ok(())
+        }();
+
+        match reply {
+            Ok(()) => CloseSinkReply {
+                result: Some(close_sink_reply::Result::Empty(())),
+            },
+            Err((code, message)) => CloseSinkReply {
+                result: Some(close_sink_reply::Result::Error(Error {
+                    code: code as i32,
+                    message,
+                })),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Attempts a cast from a `MonotonicTime` to a protobuf `Timestamp`.
+///
+/// This will fail if the time is outside the protobuf-specified range for
+/// timestamps (0001-01-01 00:00:00 to 9999-12-31 23:59:59).
+fn monotonic_to_timestamp(monotonic_time: MonotonicTime) -> Option<Timestamp> {
+    // Unix timestamp for 0001-01-01 00:00:00, the minimum accepted by
+    // protobuf's specification for the `Timestamp` type.
+    const MIN_SECS: i64 = -62135596800;
+    // Unix timestamp for 9999-12-31 23:59:59, the maximum accepted by
+    // protobuf's specification for the `Timestamp` type.
+    const MAX_SECS: i64 = 253402300799;
+
+    let secs = monotonic_time.as_secs();
+    if !(MIN_SECS..=MAX_SECS).contains(&secs) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(Timestamp {
+        seconds: secs,
+        nanos: monotonic_time.subsec_nanos() as i32,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Attempts a cast from a protobuf `Timestamp` to a `MonotonicTime`.
+///
+/// This should never fail provided that the `Timestamp` complies with the
+/// protobuf specification. It can only fail if the nanosecond part is negative
+/// or greater than 999'999'999.
+fn timestamp_to_monotonic(timestamp: Timestamp) -> Option<MonotonicTime> {
+    let nanos: u32 = timestamp.nanos.try_into().ok()?;
+
+    MonotonicTime::new(timestamp.seconds, nanos)
+}
+
+/// Attempts a cast from a protobuf `Duration` to a `std::time::Duration`.
+///
+/// If the `Duration` complies with the protobuf specification, this can only
+/// fail if the duration is negative.
+fn to_positive_duration(duration: prost_types::Duration) -> Option<Duration> {
+    if duration.seconds < 0 || duration.nanos < 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(Duration::new(
+        duration.seconds as u64,
+        duration.nanos as u32,
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Attempts a cast from a protobuf `Duration` to a strictly positive
+/// `std::time::Duration`.
+///
+/// If the `Duration` complies with the protobuf specification, this can only
+/// fail if the duration is negative or null.
+fn to_strictly_positive_duration(duration: prost_types::Duration) -> Option<Duration> {
+    if duration.seconds < 0 || duration.nanos < 0 || (duration.seconds == 0 && duration.nanos == 0)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(Duration::new(
+        duration.seconds as u64,
+        duration.nanos as u32,
+    ))
+}

asynchronix/src/rpc/grpc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+//! GRPC simulation server.
+
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::sync::MutexGuard;
+
+use tonic::{transport::Server, Request, Response, Status};
+
+use crate::rpc::EndpointRegistry;
+use crate::simulation::SimInit;
+
+use super::codegen::simulation::*;
+use super::generic_server::GenericServer;
+
+/// Runs a GRPC simulation server.
+///
+/// The first argument is a closure that is called every time the simulation is
+/// started by the remote client. It must create a new `SimInit` object
+/// complemented by a registry that exposes the public event and query
+/// interface.
+pub fn run<F>(sim_gen: F, addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> (SimInit, EndpointRegistry) + Send + 'static,
+{
+    // Use a single-threaded server.
+    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread().build()?;
+
+    let sim_manager = GrpcServer::new(sim_gen);
+
+    rt.block_on(async move {
+        Server::builder()
+            .add_service(simulation_server::SimulationServer::new(sim_manager))
+            .serve(addr)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    })
+}
+
+struct GrpcServer<F>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> (SimInit, EndpointRegistry) + Send + 'static,
+{
+    inner: Mutex<GenericServer<F>>,
+}
+
+impl<F> GrpcServer<F>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> (SimInit, EndpointRegistry) + Send + 'static,
+{
+    fn new(sim_gen: F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Mutex::new(GenericServer::new(sim_gen)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn inner(&self) -> MutexGuard<'_, GenericServer<F>> {
+        self.inner.lock().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[tonic::async_trait]
+impl<F> simulation_server::Simulation for GrpcServer<F>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> (SimInit, EndpointRegistry) + Send + 'static,
+{
+    async fn init(&self, request: Request<InitRequest>) -> Result<Response<InitReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().init(request)))
+    }
+    async fn time(&self, request: Request<TimeRequest>) -> Result<Response<TimeReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().time(request)))
+    }
+    async fn step(&self, request: Request<StepRequest>) -> Result<Response<StepReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().step(request)))
+    }
+    async fn step_until(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<StepUntilRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<StepUntilReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().step_until(request)))
+    }
+    async fn schedule_event(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<ScheduleEventRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<ScheduleEventReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().schedule_event(request)))
+    }
+    async fn cancel_event(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<CancelEventRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<CancelEventReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().cancel_event(request)))
+    }
+    async fn process_event(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<ProcessEventRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<ProcessEventReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().process_event(request)))
+    }
+    async fn process_query(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<ProcessQueryRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<ProcessQueryReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().process_query(request)))
+    }
+    async fn read_events(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<ReadEventsRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<ReadEventsReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().read_events(request)))
+    }
+    async fn open_sink(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<OpenSinkRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<OpenSinkReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().open_sink(request)))
+    }
+    async fn close_sink(
+        &self,
+        request: Request<CloseSinkRequest>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<CloseSinkReply>, Status> {
+        let request = request.into_inner();
+
+        Ok(Response::new(self.inner().close_sink(request)))
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/rpc/key_registry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use crate::time::{ActionKey, MonotonicTime};
+use crate::util::indexed_priority_queue::{IndexedPriorityQueue, InsertKey};
+
+pub(crate) type KeyRegistryId = InsertKey;
+
+/// A collection of `ActionKey`s indexed by a unique identifier.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct KeyRegistry {
+    keys: IndexedPriorityQueue<MonotonicTime, ActionKey>,
+}
+
+impl KeyRegistry {
+    /// Inserts an `ActionKey` into the registry.
+    ///
+    /// The provided expiration deadline is the latest time at which the key may
+    /// still be active.
+    pub(crate) fn insert_key(
+        &mut self,
+        action_key: ActionKey,
+        expiration: MonotonicTime,
+    ) -> KeyRegistryId {
+        self.keys.insert(expiration, action_key)
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a non-expiring `ActionKey` into the registry.
+    pub(crate) fn insert_eternal_key(&mut self, action_key: ActionKey) -> KeyRegistryId {
+        self.keys.insert(MonotonicTime::MAX, action_key)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes an `ActionKey` from the registry and returns it.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the key was not found in the registry.
+    pub(crate) fn extract_key(&mut self, key_id: KeyRegistryId) -> Option<ActionKey> {
+        self.keys.extract(key_id).map(|(_, key)| key)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove keys with an expiration deadline strictly predating the argument.
+    pub(crate) fn remove_expired_keys(&mut self, now: MonotonicTime) {
+        while let Some(expiration) = self.keys.peek_key() {
+            if *expiration >= now {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            self.keys.pull();
+        }
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/simulation.rs

@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@
 //!    using the [`Address`]es of the target models,
 //! 3. instantiation of a [`SimInit`] simulation builder and migration of all
 //!    models and mailboxes to the builder with [`SimInit::add_model()`],
-//! 4. initialization of a [`Simulation`] instance with [`SimInit::init()`] or
+//! 4. initialization of a [`Simulation`] instance with [`SimInit::init()`],
-//!    [`SimInit::init_with_clock()`],
+//!    possibly preceded by the setup of a custom clock with
+//!    [`SimInit::set_clock()`],
 //! 5. discrete-time simulation, which typically involves scheduling events and
 //!    incrementing simulation time while observing the models outputs.
 //!
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
 //! such pathological deadlocks and the "expected" deadlock that occurs when all
 //! events in a given time slice have completed and all models are starved on an
 //! empty mailbox. Consequently, blocking method such as [`SimInit::init()`],
-//! [`Simulation::step()`], [`Simulation::send_event()`], etc., will return
+//! [`Simulation::step()`], [`Simulation::process_event()`], etc., will return
 //! without error after a pathological deadlock, leaving the user responsible
 //! for inferring the deadlock from the behavior of the simulation in the next
 //! steps. This is obviously not ideal, but is hopefully only a temporary state
@@ -86,17 +87,19 @@
 //!
 //! Although uncommon, there is sometimes a need for connecting and/or
 //! disconnecting models after they have been migrated to the simulation.
-//! Likewise, one may want to connect or disconnect an [`EventSlot`] or
+//! Likewise, one may want to connect or disconnect an
-//! [`EventStream`] after the simulation has been instantiated.
+//! [`EventSlot`](crate::ports::EventSlot) or
+//! [`EventBuffer`](crate::ports::EventBuffer) after the simulation has been
+//! instantiated.
 //!
 //! There is actually a very simple solution to this problem: since the
-//! [`InputFn`](crate::model::InputFn) trait also matches closures of type
+//! [`InputFn`] trait also matches closures of type `FnOnce(&mut impl Model)`,
-//! `FnOnce(&mut impl Model)`, it is enough to invoke
+//! it is enough to invoke [`Simulation::process_event()`] with a closure that
-//! [`Simulation::send_event()`] with a closure that connects or disconnects a
+//! connects or disconnects a port, such as:
-//! port, such as:
 //!
 //! ```
-//! # use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+//! # use asynchronix::model::Model;
+//! # use asynchronix::ports::Output;
 //! # use asynchronix::time::{MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
 //! # use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
 //! # pub struct ModelA {
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@
 //! # let modelA_addr = Mailbox::<ModelA>::new().address();
 //! # let modelB_addr = Mailbox::<ModelB>::new().address();
 //! # let mut simu = SimInit::new().init(MonotonicTime::EPOCH);
-//! simu.send_event(
+//! simu.process_event(
 //!     |m: &mut ModelA| {
 //!         m.output.connect(ModelB::input, modelB_addr);
 //!     },
@@ -119,11 +122,9 @@
 //!     &modelA_addr
 //! );
 //! ```
-mod endpoints;
 mod mailbox;
 mod sim_init;
 
-pub use endpoints::{EventSlot, EventStream};
 pub use mailbox::{Address, Mailbox};
 pub use sim_init::SimInit;
 
@@ -136,23 +137,22 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use recycle_box::{coerce_box, RecycleBox};
 
 use crate::executor::Executor;
-use crate::model::{InputFn, Model, ReplierFn};
+use crate::model::Model;
+use crate::ports::{InputFn, ReplierFn};
 use crate::time::{
-    self, Clock, Deadline, EventKey, MonotonicTime, NoClock, ScheduledEvent, SchedulerQueue,
+    self, Action, ActionKey, Clock, Deadline, MonotonicTime, SchedulerQueue, SchedulingError,
-    SchedulingError, TearableAtomicTime,
+    TearableAtomicTime,
 };
-use crate::util::futures::SeqFuture;
+use crate::util::seq_futures::SeqFuture;
 use crate::util::slot;
 use crate::util::sync_cell::SyncCell;
 
 /// Simulation environment.
 ///
 /// A `Simulation` is created by calling
-/// [`SimInit::init()`](crate::simulation::SimInit::init) or
+/// [`SimInit::init()`](crate::simulation::SimInit::init) on a simulation
-/// [`SimInit::init_with_clock()`](crate::simulation::SimInit::init_with_clock)
+/// initializer. It contains an asynchronous executor that runs all simulation
-/// method on a simulation initializer. It contains an asynchronous executor
+/// models added beforehand to [`SimInit`].
-/// that runs all simulation models added beforehand to
-/// [`SimInit`](crate::simulation::SimInit).
 ///
 /// A [`Simulation`] object also manages an event scheduling queue and
 /// simulation time. The scheduling queue can be accessed from the simulation
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ use crate::util::sync_cell::SyncCell;
 /// method.
 ///
 /// Events and queries can be scheduled immediately, *i.e.* for the current
-/// simulation time, using [`send_event()`](Simulation::send_event) and
+/// simulation time, using [`process_event()`](Simulation::process_event) and
-/// [`send_query()`](Simulation::send_query). Calling these methods will block
+/// [`send_query()`](Simulation::process_query). Calling these methods will
-/// until all computations triggered by such event or query have completed. In
+/// block until all computations triggered by such event or query have
-/// the case of queries, the response is returned.
+/// completed. In the case of queries, the response is returned.
 ///
 /// Events can also be scheduled at a future simulation time using one of the
 /// [`schedule_*()`](Simulation::schedule_event) method. These methods queue an
@@ -193,32 +193,18 @@ pub struct Simulation {
 }
 
 impl Simulation {
-    /// Creates a new `Simulation`.
+    /// Creates a new `Simulation` with the specified clock.
     pub(crate) fn new(
         executor: Executor,
         scheduler_queue: Arc<Mutex<SchedulerQueue>>,
         time: SyncCell<TearableAtomicTime>,
+        clock: Box<dyn Clock + 'static>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             executor,
             scheduler_queue,
             time,
-            clock: Box::new(NoClock::new()),
+            clock,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new `Simulation` with the specified clock.
-    pub(crate) fn with_clock(
-        executor: Executor,
-        scheduler_queue: Arc<Mutex<SchedulerQueue>>,
-        time: SyncCell<TearableAtomicTime>,
-        clock: impl Clock + 'static,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            executor,
-            scheduler_queue,
-            time,
-            clock: Box::new(clock),
         }
     }
 
@@ -267,6 +253,37 @@ impl Simulation {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Schedules an action at a future time.
+    ///
+    /// An error is returned if the specified time is not in the future of the
+    /// current simulation time.
+    ///
+    /// If multiple actions send events at the same simulation time to the same
+    /// model, these events are guaranteed to be processed according to the
+    /// scheduling order of the actions.
+    pub fn schedule(
+        &mut self,
+        deadline: impl Deadline,
+        action: Action,
+    ) -> Result<(), SchedulingError> {
+        let now = self.time();
+        let time = deadline.into_time(now);
+        if now >= time {
+            return Err(SchedulingError::InvalidScheduledTime);
+        }
+
+        let mut scheduler_queue = self.scheduler_queue.lock().unwrap();
+
+        // The channel ID is set to the same value for all actions. This
+        // ensures that the relative scheduling order of all source events is
+        // preserved, which is important if some of them target the same models.
+        // The value 0 was chosen as it prevents collisions with channel IDs as
+        // the latter are always non-zero.
+        scheduler_queue.insert((time, 0), action);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Schedules an event at a future time.
     ///
     /// An error is returned if the specified time is not in the future of the
@@ -294,6 +311,7 @@ impl Simulation {
         if now >= time {
             return Err(SchedulingError::InvalidScheduledTime);
         }
+
         time::schedule_event_at_unchecked(time, func, arg, address.into().0, &self.scheduler_queue);
 
         Ok(())
@@ -314,7 +332,7 @@ impl Simulation {
         func: F,
         arg: T,
         address: impl Into<Address<M>>,
-    ) -> Result<EventKey, SchedulingError>
+    ) -> Result<ActionKey, SchedulingError>
     where
         M: Model,
         F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
@@ -397,7 +415,7 @@ impl Simulation {
         func: F,
         arg: T,
         address: impl Into<Address<M>>,
-    ) -> Result<EventKey, SchedulingError>
+    ) -> Result<ActionKey, SchedulingError>
     where
         M: Model,
         F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
@@ -424,10 +442,19 @@ impl Simulation {
         Ok(event_key)
     }
 
-    /// Sends and processes an event, blocking until completion.
+    /// Processes an action immediately, blocking until completion.
+    ///
+    /// Simulation time remains unchanged. The periodicity of the action, if
+    /// any, is ignored.
+    pub fn process(&mut self, action: Action) {
+        action.spawn_and_forget(&self.executor);
+        self.executor.run();
+    }
+
+    /// Processes an event immediately, blocking until completion.
     ///
     /// Simulation time remains unchanged.
-    pub fn send_event<M, F, T, S>(&mut self, func: F, arg: T, address: impl Into<Address<M>>)
+    pub fn process_event<M, F, T, S>(&mut self, func: F, arg: T, address: impl Into<Address<M>>)
     where
         M: Model,
         F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
@@ -454,10 +481,10 @@ impl Simulation {
         self.executor.run();
     }
 
-    /// Sends and processes a query, blocking until completion.
+    /// Processes a query immediately, blocking until completion.
     ///
     /// Simulation time remains unchanged.
-    pub fn send_query<M, F, T, R, S>(
+    pub fn process_query<M, F, T, R, S>(
         &mut self,
         func: F,
         arg: T,
@@ -497,36 +524,34 @@ impl Simulation {
         reply_reader.try_read().map_err(|_| QueryError {})
     }
 
-    /// Advances simulation time to that of the next scheduled event if its
+    /// Advances simulation time to that of the next scheduled action if its
     /// scheduling time does not exceed the specified bound, processing that
-    /// event as well as all other events scheduled for the same time.
+    /// action as well as all other actions scheduled for the same time.
     ///
-    /// If at least one event was found that satisfied the time bound, the
+    /// If at least one action was found that satisfied the time bound, the
     /// corresponding new simulation time is returned.
     fn step_to_next_bounded(&mut self, upper_time_bound: MonotonicTime) -> Option<MonotonicTime> {
-        // Function pulling the next event. If the event is periodic, it is
+        // Function pulling the next action. If the action is periodic, it is
         // immediately re-scheduled.
-        fn pull_next_event(
+        fn pull_next_action(scheduler_queue: &mut MutexGuard<SchedulerQueue>) -> Action {
-            scheduler_queue: &mut MutexGuard<SchedulerQueue>,
+            let ((time, channel_id), action) = scheduler_queue.pull().unwrap();
-        ) -> Box<dyn ScheduledEvent> {
+            if let Some((action_clone, period)) = action.next() {
-            let ((time, channel_id), event) = scheduler_queue.pull().unwrap();
+                scheduler_queue.insert((time + period, channel_id), action_clone);
-            if let Some((event_clone, period)) = event.next() {
-                scheduler_queue.insert((time + period, channel_id), event_clone);
             }
 
-            event
+            action
         }
 
         // Closure returning the next key which time stamp is no older than the
-        // upper bound, if any. Cancelled events are pulled and discarded.
+        // upper bound, if any. Cancelled actions are pulled and discarded.
         let peek_next_key = |scheduler_queue: &mut MutexGuard<SchedulerQueue>| {
             loop {
                 match scheduler_queue.peek() {
-                    Some((&k, t)) if k.0 <= upper_time_bound => {
+                    Some((&key, action)) if key.0 <= upper_time_bound => {
-                        if !t.is_cancelled() {
+                        if !action.is_cancelled() {
-                            break Some(k);
+                            break Some(key);
                         }
-                        // Discard cancelled events.
+                        // Discard cancelled actions.
                         scheduler_queue.pull();
                     }
                     _ => break None,
@@ -540,37 +565,37 @@ impl Simulation {
         self.time.write(current_key.0);
 
         loop {
-            let event = pull_next_event(&mut scheduler_queue);
+            let action = pull_next_action(&mut scheduler_queue);
             let mut next_key = peek_next_key(&mut scheduler_queue);
             if next_key != Some(current_key) {
-                // Since there are no other events targeting the same mailbox
+                // Since there are no other actions targeting the same mailbox
-                // and the same time, the event is spawned immediately.
+                // and the same time, the action is spawned immediately.
-                event.spawn_and_forget(&self.executor);
+                action.spawn_and_forget(&self.executor);
             } else {
                 // To ensure that their relative order of execution is
-                // preserved, all event targeting the same mailbox are executed
+                // preserved, all actions targeting the same mailbox are
-                // sequentially within a single compound future.
+                // executed sequentially within a single compound future.
-                let mut event_sequence = SeqFuture::new();
+                let mut action_sequence = SeqFuture::new();
-                event_sequence.push(event.into_future());
+                action_sequence.push(action.into_future());
                 loop {
-                    let event = pull_next_event(&mut scheduler_queue);
+                    let action = pull_next_action(&mut scheduler_queue);
-                    event_sequence.push(event.into_future());
+                    action_sequence.push(action.into_future());
                     next_key = peek_next_key(&mut scheduler_queue);
                     if next_key != Some(current_key) {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
 
-                // Spawn a compound future that sequentially polls all events
+                // Spawn a compound future that sequentially polls all actions
                 // targeting the same mailbox.
-                self.executor.spawn_and_forget(event_sequence);
+                self.executor.spawn_and_forget(action_sequence);
             }
 
             current_key = match next_key {
-                // If the next event is scheduled at the same time, update the
+                // If the next action is scheduled at the same time, update the
                 // key and continue.
                 Some(k) if k.0 == current_key.0 => k,
-                // Otherwise wait until all events have completed and return.
+                // Otherwise wait until all actions have completed and return.
                 _ => {
                     drop(scheduler_queue); // make sure the queue's mutex is released.
                     let current_time = current_key.0;
@@ -584,10 +609,10 @@ impl Simulation {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Iteratively advances simulation time and processes all events scheduled
+    /// Iteratively advances simulation time and processes all actions scheduled
     /// up to the specified target time.
     ///
-    /// Once the method returns it is guaranteed that (i) all events scheduled
+    /// Once the method returns it is guaranteed that (i) all actions scheduled
     /// up to the specified target time have completed and (ii) the final
     /// simulation time matches the target time.
     ///
@@ -598,7 +623,7 @@ impl Simulation {
             match self.step_to_next_bounded(target_time) {
                 // The target time was reached exactly.
                 Some(t) if t == target_time => return,
-                // No events are scheduled before or at the target time.
+                // No actions are scheduled before or at the target time.
                 None => {
                     // Update the simulation time.
                     self.time.write(target_time);

asynchronix/src/simulation/endpoints.rs

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, TryLockError, TryLockResult};
-
-use crate::util::spsc_queue;
-
-/// An iterator that returns all events that were broadcast by an output port.
-///
-/// Events are returned in first-in-first-out order. Note that even if the
-/// iterator returns `None`, it may still produce more items after simulation
-/// time is incremented.
-pub struct EventStream<T> {
-    consumer: spsc_queue::Consumer<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T> EventStream<T> {
-    /// Creates a new `EventStream`.
-    pub(crate) fn new(consumer: spsc_queue::Consumer<T>) -> Self {
-        Self { consumer }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Iterator for EventStream<T> {
-    type Item = T;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.consumer.pop()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventStream<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EventStream").finish_non_exhaustive()
-    }
-}
-
-/// A single-value slot that holds the last event that was broadcast by an
-/// output port.
-pub struct EventSlot<T> {
-    slot: Arc<Mutex<Option<T>>>,
-}
-
-impl<T> EventSlot<T> {
-    /// Creates a new `EventSlot`.
-    pub(crate) fn new(slot: Arc<Mutex<Option<T>>>) -> Self {
-        Self { slot }
-    }
-
-    /// Take the last event, if any, leaving the slot empty.
-    ///
-    /// Note that even after the event is taken, it may become populated anew
-    /// after simulation time is incremented.
-    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
-        // We don't actually need to take self by mutable reference, but this
-        // signature is probably less surprising for the user and more
-        // consistent with `EventStream`. It also prevents multi-threaded
-        // access, which would be likely to be misused.
-        match self.slot.try_lock() {
-            TryLockResult::Ok(mut v) => v.take(),
-            TryLockResult::Err(TryLockError::WouldBlock) => None,
-            TryLockResult::Err(TryLockError::Poisoned(_)) => panic!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventSlot<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EventSlot").finish_non_exhaustive()
-    }
-}

asynchronix/src/simulation/sim_init.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 
 use crate::executor::Executor;
 use crate::model::Model;
-use crate::time::{Clock, Scheduler};
+use crate::time::{Clock, NoClock, Scheduler};
 use crate::time::{MonotonicTime, SchedulerQueue, TearableAtomicTime};
 use crate::util::priority_queue::PriorityQueue;
 use crate::util::sync_cell::SyncCell;
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub struct SimInit {
     executor: Executor,
     scheduler_queue: Arc<Mutex<SchedulerQueue>>,
     time: SyncCell<TearableAtomicTime>,
+    clock: Box<dyn Clock + 'static>,
 }
 
 impl SimInit {
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ impl SimInit {
             executor: Executor::new(num_threads),
             scheduler_queue: Arc::new(Mutex::new(PriorityQueue::new())),
             time: SyncCell::new(TearableAtomicTime::new(MonotonicTime::EPOCH)),
+            clock: Box::new(NoClock::new()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -55,35 +57,25 @@ impl SimInit {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Synchronize the simulation with the provided [`Clock`].
+    ///
+    /// If the clock isn't explicitly set then the default [`NoClock`] is used,
+    /// resulting in the simulation running as fast as possible.
+    pub fn set_clock(mut self, clock: impl Clock + 'static) -> Self {
+        self.clock = Box::new(clock);
+
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Builds a simulation initialized at the specified simulation time,
     /// executing the [`Model::init()`](crate::model::Model::init) method on all
     /// model initializers.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to calling [`SimInit::init_with_clock()`] with a
-    /// [`NoClock`](crate::time::NoClock) argument and effectively makes the
-    /// simulation run as fast as possible.
     pub fn init(mut self, start_time: MonotonicTime) -> Simulation {
         self.time.write(start_time);
+        self.clock.synchronize(start_time);
         self.executor.run();
 
-        Simulation::new(self.executor, self.scheduler_queue, self.time)
+        Simulation::new(self.executor, self.scheduler_queue, self.time, self.clock)
-    }
-
-    /// Builds a simulation synchronized with the provided
-    /// [`Clock`](crate::time::Clock) and initialized at the specified
-    /// simulation time, executing the
-    /// [`Model::init()`](crate::model::Model::init) method on all model
-    /// initializers.
-    pub fn init_with_clock(
-        mut self,
-        start_time: MonotonicTime,
-        mut clock: impl Clock + 'static,
-    ) -> Simulation {
-        self.time.write(start_time);
-        clock.synchronize(start_time);
-        self.executor.run();
-
-        Simulation::with_clock(self.executor, self.scheduler_queue, self.time, clock)
     }
 }
 

asynchronix/src/time.rs

@@ -51,12 +51,13 @@ mod clock;
 mod monotonic_time;
 mod scheduler;
 
+pub use tai_time::MonotonicTime;
+
 pub use clock::{AutoSystemClock, Clock, NoClock, SyncStatus, SystemClock};
 pub(crate) use monotonic_time::TearableAtomicTime;
-pub use monotonic_time::{MonotonicTime, SystemTimeError};
 pub(crate) use scheduler::{
     schedule_event_at_unchecked, schedule_keyed_event_at_unchecked,
     schedule_periodic_event_at_unchecked, schedule_periodic_keyed_event_at_unchecked,
-    ScheduledEvent, SchedulerQueue,
+    KeyedOnceAction, KeyedPeriodicAction, OnceAction, PeriodicAction, SchedulerQueue,
 };
-pub use scheduler::{Deadline, EventKey, Scheduler, SchedulingError};
+pub use scheduler::{Action, ActionKey, Deadline, Scheduler, SchedulingError};

asynchronix/src/time/clock.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime};
 
+use tai_time::MonotonicClock;
+
 use crate::time::MonotonicTime;
 
 /// A type that can be used to synchronize a simulation.
 ///
-/// This trait abstract over the different types of clocks, such as
+/// This trait abstracts over different types of clocks, such as
 /// as-fast-as-possible and real-time clocks.
 ///
-/// A clock can be associated to a simulation at initialization time by calling
+/// A clock can be associated to a simulation prior to initialization by calling
-/// [`SimInit::init_with_clock()`](crate::simulation::SimInit::init_with_clock).
+/// [`SimInit::set_clock()`](crate::simulation::SimInit::set_clock).
 pub trait Clock: Send {
     /// Blocks until the deadline.
     fn synchronize(&mut self, deadline: MonotonicTime) -> SyncStatus;
@@ -49,10 +51,7 @@ impl Clock for NoClock {
 /// This clock accepts an arbitrary reference time and remains synchronized with
 /// the system's monotonic clock.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct SystemClock {
+pub struct SystemClock(MonotonicClock);
-    wall_clock_ref: Instant,
-    simulation_ref: MonotonicTime,
-}
 
 impl SystemClock {
     /// Constructs a `SystemClock` with an offset between simulation clock and
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ impl SystemClock {
     /// use asynchronix::simulation::SimInit;
     /// use asynchronix::time::{MonotonicTime, SystemClock};
     ///
-    /// let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 0);
+    /// let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 0).unwrap();
     ///
     /// // Make the simulation start in 1s.
     /// let clock = SystemClock::from_instant(t0, Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(1));
@@ -77,13 +76,14 @@ impl SystemClock {
     /// let simu = SimInit::new()
     /// //  .add_model(...)
     /// //  .add_model(...)
-    ///     .init_with_clock(t0, clock);
+    ///     .set_clock(clock)
+    ///     .init(t0);
     /// ```
     pub fn from_instant(simulation_ref: MonotonicTime, wall_clock_ref: Instant) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self(MonotonicClock::init_from_instant(
-            wall_clock_ref,
             simulation_ref,
-        }
+            wall_clock_ref,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Constructs a `SystemClock` with an offset between simulation clock and
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl SystemClock {
     /// use asynchronix::simulation::SimInit;
     /// use asynchronix::time::{MonotonicTime, SystemClock};
     ///
-    /// let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 0);
+    /// let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 0).unwrap();
     ///
     /// // Make the simulation start at the next full second boundary.
     /// let now_secs = UNIX_EPOCH.elapsed().unwrap().as_secs();
@@ -120,58 +120,14 @@ impl SystemClock {
     /// let simu = SimInit::new()
     /// //  .add_model(...)
     /// //  .add_model(...)
-    ///     .init_with_clock(t0, clock);
+    ///     .set_clock(clock)
+    ///     .init(t0);
     /// ```
     pub fn from_system_time(simulation_ref: MonotonicTime, wall_clock_ref: SystemTime) -> Self {
-        // Select the best-correlated `Instant`/`SystemTime` pair from several
+        Self(MonotonicClock::init_from_system_time(
-        // samples to improve robustness towards possible thread suspension
-        // between the calls to `SystemTime::now()` and `Instant::now()`.
-        const SAMPLES: usize = 3;
-
-        let mut last_instant = Instant::now();
-        let mut min_delta = Duration::MAX;
-        let mut ref_time = None;
-
-        // Select the best-correlated instant/date pair.
-        for _ in 0..SAMPLES {
-            // The inner loop is to work around monotonic clock platform bugs
-            // that may cause `checked_duration_since` to fail.
-            let (date, instant, delta) = loop {
-                let date = SystemTime::now();
-                let instant = Instant::now();
-                let delta = instant.checked_duration_since(last_instant);
-                last_instant = instant;
-
-                if let Some(delta) = delta {
-                    break (date, instant, delta);
-                }
-            };
-
-            // Store the current instant/date if the time elapsed since the last
-            // measurement is shorter than the previous candidate.
-            if min_delta > delta {
-                min_delta = delta;
-                ref_time = Some((instant, date));
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Set the selected instant/date as the wall clock reference and adjust
-        // the simulation reference accordingly.
-        let (instant_ref, date_ref) = ref_time.unwrap();
-        let simulation_ref = if date_ref > wall_clock_ref {
-            let correction = date_ref.duration_since(wall_clock_ref).unwrap();
-
-            simulation_ref + correction
-        } else {
-            let correction = wall_clock_ref.duration_since(date_ref).unwrap();
-
-            simulation_ref - correction
-        };
-
-        Self {
-            wall_clock_ref: instant_ref,
             simulation_ref,
-        }
+            wall_clock_ref,
+        ))
     }
 }
 
@@ -179,22 +135,14 @@ impl Clock for SystemClock {
     /// Blocks until the system time corresponds to the specified simulation
     /// time.
     fn synchronize(&mut self, deadline: MonotonicTime) -> SyncStatus {
-        let target_time = if deadline >= self.simulation_ref {
+        let now = self.0.now();
-            self.wall_clock_ref + deadline.duration_since(self.simulation_ref)
+        if now <= deadline {
-        } else {
+            spin_sleep::sleep(deadline.duration_since(now));
-            self.wall_clock_ref - self.simulation_ref.duration_since(deadline)
-        };
 
-        let now = Instant::now();
+            return SyncStatus::Synchronized;
-
-        match target_time.checked_duration_since(now) {
-            Some(sleep_duration) => {
-                spin_sleep::sleep(sleep_duration);
-
-                SyncStatus::Synchronized
-            }
-            None => SyncStatus::OutOfSync(now.duration_since(target_time)),
         }
+
+        SyncStatus::OutOfSync(now.duration_since(deadline))
     }
 }
 
@@ -233,3 +181,29 @@ impl Clock for AutoSystemClock {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn smoke_system_clock() {
+        let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
+        const TOLERANCE: f64 = 0.0005; // [s]
+
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        let mut clock = SystemClock::from_instant(t0, now);
+        let t1 = t0 + Duration::from_millis(200);
+        clock.synchronize(t1);
+        let elapsed = now.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+        let dt = t1.duration_since(t0).as_secs_f64();
+
+        assert!(
+            (dt - elapsed) <= TOLERANCE,
+            "Expected t = {:.6}s +/- {:.6}s, measured t = {:.6}s",
+            dt,
+            TOLERANCE,
+            elapsed,
+        );
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/time/monotonic_time.rs

@@ -1,483 +1,10 @@
 //! Monotonic simulation time.
-
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign, Sub, SubAssign};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicI64, AtomicU32, Ordering};
-use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use super::MonotonicTime;
 
 use crate::util::sync_cell::TearableAtomic;
 
-const NANOS_PER_SEC: u32 = 1_000_000_000;
-
-/// A nanosecond-precision monotonic clock timestamp.
-///
-/// A timestamp specifies a [TAI] point in time. It is represented as a 64-bit
-/// signed number of seconds and a positive number of nanoseconds, counted with
-/// reference to 1970-01-01 00:00:00 TAI. This timestamp format has a number of
-/// desirable properties:
-///
-/// - it enables cheap inter-operation with the standard [`Duration`] type which
-///   uses a very similar internal representation,
-/// - it constitutes a strict 96-bit superset of 80-bit PTP IEEE-1588
-///   timestamps, with the same epoch,
-/// - if required, exact conversion to a Unix timestamp is trivial and only
-///   requires subtracting from this timestamp the number of leap seconds
-///   between TAI and UTC time (see also the
-///   [`as_unix_secs()`](MonotonicTime::as_unix_secs) method).
-///
-/// Although no date-time conversion methods are provided, conversion from
-/// timestamp to TAI date-time representations and back can be easily performed
-/// using `NaiveDateTime` from the [chrono] crate or `OffsetDateTime` from the
-/// [time] crate, treating the timestamp as a regular (UTC) Unix timestamp.
-///
-/// [TAI]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time
-/// [chrono]: https://crates.io/crates/chrono
-/// [time]: https://crates.io/crates/time
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use std::time::Duration;
-/// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-///
-/// // Set the timestamp to 2009-02-13 23:31:30.987654321 TAI.
-/// let mut timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 987_654_321);
-///
-/// // Increment the timestamp by 123.456s.
-/// timestamp += Duration::new(123, 456_000_000);
-///
-/// assert_eq!(timestamp, MonotonicTime::new(1_234_568_014, 443_654_321));
-/// assert_eq!(timestamp.as_secs(), 1_234_568_014);
-/// assert_eq!(timestamp.subsec_nanos(), 443_654_321);
-/// ```
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
-pub struct MonotonicTime {
-    /// The number of whole seconds in the future (if positive) or in the past
-    /// (if negative) of 1970-01-01 00:00:00 TAI.
-    ///
-    /// Note that the automatic derivation of `PartialOrd` relies on
-    /// lexicographical comparison so the `secs` field must appear before
-    /// `nanos` in declaration order to be given higher priority.
-    secs: i64,
-    /// The sub-second number of nanoseconds in the future of the point in time
-    /// defined by `secs`.
-    nanos: u32,
-}
-
-impl MonotonicTime {
-    /// The epoch used by `MonotonicTime`, equal to 1970-01-01 00:00:00 TAI.
-    ///
-    /// This epoch coincides with the PTP epoch defined in the IEEE-1588
-    /// standard.
-    pub const EPOCH: Self = Self { secs: 0, nanos: 0 };
-
-    /// The minimum possible `MonotonicTime` timestamp.
-    pub const MIN: Self = Self {
-        secs: i64::MIN,
-        nanos: 0,
-    };
-
-    /// The maximum possible `MonotonicTime` timestamp.
-    pub const MAX: Self = Self {
-        secs: i64::MAX,
-        nanos: NANOS_PER_SEC - 1,
-    };
-
-    /// Creates a timestamp directly from timestamp parts.
-    ///
-    /// The number of seconds is relative to the [`EPOCH`](MonotonicTime::EPOCH)
-    /// (1970-01-01 00:00:00 TAI). It is negative for dates in the past of the
-    /// epoch.
-    ///
-    /// The number of nanoseconds is always positive and always points towards
-    /// the future.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This constructor will panic if the number of nanoseconds is greater than
-    /// or equal to 1 second.
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::time::Duration;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// // A timestamp set to 2009-02-13 23:31:30.987654321 TAI.
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 987_654_321);
-    ///
-    /// // A timestamp set 3.5s before the epoch.
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(-4, 500_000_000);
-    /// assert_eq!(timestamp, MonotonicTime::EPOCH - Duration::new(3, 500_000_000));
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn new(secs: i64, subsec_nanos: u32) -> Self {
-        assert!(
-            subsec_nanos < NANOS_PER_SEC,
-            "invalid number of nanoseconds"
-        );
-
-        Self {
-            secs,
-            nanos: subsec_nanos,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a timestamp from the current system time.
-    ///
-    /// The argument is the current difference between TAI and UTC time in
-    /// seconds (a.k.a. leap seconds). For reference, this offset has been +37s
-    /// since 2017-01-01, a value which is to remain valid until at least
-    /// 2024-06-29. See the [official IERS bulletin
-    /// C](https://datacenter.iers.org/data/latestVersion/bulletinC.txt) for
-    /// leap second announcements or the [IETF
-    /// table](https://www.ietf.org/timezones/data/leap-seconds.list) for
-    /// current and historical values.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// This method will return an error if the reported system time is in the
-    /// past of the Unix epoch or if the offset-adjusted timestamp is outside
-    /// the representable range.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// // Compute the current TAI time assuming that the current difference
-    /// // between TAI and UTC time is 37s.
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::from_system(37).unwrap();
-    /// ```
-    pub fn from_system(leap_secs: i64) -> Result<Self, SystemTimeError> {
-        let utc_timestamp = SystemTime::now()
-            .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
-            .map_err(|_| SystemTimeError::InvalidSystemTime)?;
-
-        Self::new(leap_secs, 0)
-            .checked_add(utc_timestamp)
-            .ok_or(SystemTimeError::OutOfRange)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of whole seconds relative to
-    /// [`EPOCH`](MonotonicTime::EPOCH) (1970-01-01 00:00:00 TAI).
-    ///
-    /// Consistently with the interpretation of seconds and nanoseconds in the
-    /// [`new()`](Self::new) constructor, seconds are always rounded towards
-    /// `-∞`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::time::Duration;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 987_654_321);
-    /// assert_eq!(timestamp.as_secs(), 1_234_567_890);
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::EPOCH - Duration::new(3, 500_000_000);
-    /// assert_eq!(timestamp.as_secs(), -4);
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn as_secs(&self) -> i64 {
-        self.secs
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of seconds of the corresponding Unix time.
-    ///
-    /// The argument is the difference between TAI and UTC time in seconds
-    /// (a.k.a. leap seconds) applicable at the date represented by the
-    /// timestamp. See the [official IERS bulletin
-    /// C](https://datacenter.iers.org/data/latestVersion/bulletinC.txt) for
-    /// leap second announcements or the [IETF
-    /// table](https://www.ietf.org/timezones/data/leap-seconds.list) for
-    /// current and historical values.
-    ///
-    /// This method merely subtracts the offset from the value returned by
-    /// [`as_secs()`](Self::as_secs) and checks for potential overflow; its main
-    /// purpose is to prevent mistakes regarding the direction in which the
-    /// offset should be applied.
-    ///
-    /// Note that the nanosecond part of a Unix timestamp can be simply
-    /// retrieved with [`subsec_nanos()`](Self::subsec_nanos) since UTC and TAI
-    /// differ by a whole number of seconds.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This will panic if the offset-adjusted timestamp cannot be represented
-    /// as an `i64`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// // Set the date to 2000-01-01 00:00:00 TAI.
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(946_684_800, 0);
-    ///
-    /// // Convert to a Unix timestamp, accounting for the +32s difference between
-    /// // TAI and UTC on 2000-01-01.
-    /// let unix_secs = timestamp.as_unix_secs(32);
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn as_unix_secs(&self, leap_secs: i64) -> i64 {
-        if let Some(secs) = self.secs.checked_sub(leap_secs) {
-            secs
-        } else {
-            panic!("timestamp outside representable range");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the sub-second fractional part in nanoseconds.
-    ///
-    /// Note that nanoseconds always point towards the future even if the date
-    /// is in the past of the [`EPOCH`](MonotonicTime::EPOCH).
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 987_654_321);
-    /// assert_eq!(timestamp.subsec_nanos(), 987_654_321);
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn subsec_nanos(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.nanos
-    }
-
-    /// Adds a duration to a timestamp, checking for overflow.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if overflow occurred.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::time::Duration;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 987_654_321);
-    /// assert!(timestamp.checked_add(Duration::new(10, 123_456_789)).is_some());
-    /// assert!(timestamp.checked_add(Duration::MAX).is_none());
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn checked_add(self, rhs: Duration) -> Option<Self> {
-        // A durations in seconds greater than `i64::MAX` is actually fine as
-        // long as the number of seconds does not effectively overflow which is
-        // why the below does not use `checked_add`. So technically the below
-        // addition may wrap around on the negative side due to the
-        // unsigned-to-signed cast of the duration, but this does not
-        // necessarily indicate an actual overflow. Actual overflow can be ruled
-        // out by verifying that the new timestamp is in the future of the old
-        // timestamp.
-        let mut secs = self.secs.wrapping_add(rhs.as_secs() as i64);
-
-        // Check for overflow.
-        if secs < self.secs {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let mut nanos = self.nanos + rhs.subsec_nanos();
-        if nanos >= NANOS_PER_SEC {
-            secs = if let Some(s) = secs.checked_add(1) {
-                s
-            } else {
-                return None;
-            };
-            nanos -= NANOS_PER_SEC;
-        }
-
-        Some(Self { secs, nanos })
-    }
-
-    /// Subtracts a duration from a timestamp, checking for overflow.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if overflow occurred.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::time::Duration;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_890, 987_654_321);
-    /// assert!(timestamp.checked_sub(Duration::new(10, 123_456_789)).is_some());
-    /// assert!(timestamp.checked_sub(Duration::MAX).is_none());
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn checked_sub(self, rhs: Duration) -> Option<Self> {
-        // A durations in seconds greater than `i64::MAX` is actually fine as
-        // long as the number of seconds does not effectively overflow, which is
-        // why the below does not use `checked_sub`. So technically the below
-        // subtraction may wrap around on the positive side due to the
-        // unsigned-to-signed cast of the duration, but this does not
-        // necessarily indicate an actual overflow. Actual overflow can be ruled
-        // out by verifying that the new timestamp is in the past of the old
-        // timestamp.
-        let mut secs = self.secs.wrapping_sub(rhs.as_secs() as i64);
-
-        // Check for overflow.
-        if secs > self.secs {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let nanos = if self.nanos < rhs.subsec_nanos() {
-            secs = if let Some(s) = secs.checked_sub(1) {
-                s
-            } else {
-                return None;
-            };
-
-            (self.nanos + NANOS_PER_SEC) - rhs.subsec_nanos()
-        } else {
-            self.nanos - rhs.subsec_nanos()
-        };
-
-        Some(Self { secs, nanos })
-    }
-
-    /// Subtracts a timestamp from another timestamp.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the argument lies in the future of `self`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::time::Duration;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp_earlier = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_879, 987_654_321);
-    /// let timestamp_later = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_900, 123_456_789);
-    /// assert_eq!(
-    ///     timestamp_later.duration_since(timestamp_earlier),
-    ///     Duration::new(20, 135_802_468)
-    /// );
-    /// ```
-    pub fn duration_since(self, earlier: Self) -> Duration {
-        self.checked_duration_since(earlier)
-            .expect("attempt to substract a timestamp from an earlier timestamp")
-    }
-
-    /// Computes the duration elapsed between a timestamp and an earlier
-    /// timestamp, checking that the timestamps are appropriately ordered.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the argument lies in the future of `self`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::time::Duration;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
-    ///
-    /// let timestamp_earlier = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_879, 987_654_321);
-    /// let timestamp_later = MonotonicTime::new(1_234_567_900, 123_456_789);
-    /// assert!(timestamp_later.checked_duration_since(timestamp_earlier).is_some());
-    /// assert!(timestamp_earlier.checked_duration_since(timestamp_later).is_none());
-    /// ```
-    pub const fn checked_duration_since(self, earlier: Self) -> Option<Duration> {
-        // If the subtraction of the nanosecond fractions would overflow, carry
-        // over one second to the nanoseconds.
-        let (secs, nanos) = if earlier.nanos > self.nanos {
-            if let Some(s) = self.secs.checked_sub(1) {
-                (s, self.nanos + NANOS_PER_SEC)
-            } else {
-                return None;
-            }
-        } else {
-            (self.secs, self.nanos)
-        };
-
-        // Make sure the computation of the duration will not overflow the
-        // seconds.
-        if secs < earlier.secs {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        // This subtraction may wrap around if the difference between the two
-        // timestamps is more than `i64::MAX`, but even if it does the result
-        // will be correct once cast to an unsigned integer.
-        let delta_secs = secs.wrapping_sub(earlier.secs) as u64;
-
-        // The below subtraction is guaranteed to never overflow.
-        let delta_nanos = nanos - earlier.nanos;
-
-        Some(Duration::new(delta_secs, delta_nanos))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Add<Duration> for MonotonicTime {
-    type Output = Self;
-
-    /// Adds a duration to a timestamp.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function panics if the resulting timestamp cannot be
-    /// represented. See [`MonotonicTime::checked_add`] for a panic-free
-    /// version.
-    fn add(self, other: Duration) -> Self {
-        self.checked_add(other)
-            .expect("overflow when adding duration to timestamp")
-    }
-}
-
-impl Sub<Duration> for MonotonicTime {
-    type Output = Self;
-
-    /// Subtracts a duration from a timestamp.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function panics if the resulting timestamp cannot be
-    /// represented. See [`MonotonicTime::checked_sub`] for a panic-free
-    /// version.
-    fn sub(self, other: Duration) -> Self {
-        self.checked_sub(other)
-            .expect("overflow when subtracting duration from timestamp")
-    }
-}
-
-impl AddAssign<Duration> for MonotonicTime {
-    /// Increments the timestamp by a duration.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function panics if the resulting timestamp cannot be represented.
-    fn add_assign(&mut self, other: Duration) {
-        *self = *self + other;
-    }
-}
-
-impl SubAssign<Duration> for MonotonicTime {
-    /// Decrements the timestamp by a duration.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function panics if the resulting timestamp cannot be represented.
-    fn sub_assign(&mut self, other: Duration) {
-        *self = *self - other;
-    }
-}
-
-/// An error that may be returned when initializing a [`MonotonicTime`] from
-/// system time.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum SystemTimeError {
-    /// The system time is in the past of the Unix epoch.
-    InvalidSystemTime,
-    /// The system time cannot be represented as a `MonotonicTime`.
-    OutOfRange,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for SystemTimeError {
-    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::InvalidSystemTime => write!(fmt, "invalid system time"),
-            Self::OutOfRange => write!(fmt, "timestamp outside representable range"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Error for SystemTimeError {}
-
 /// A tearable atomic adapter over a `MonotonicTime`.
 ///
 /// This makes it possible to store the simulation time in a `SyncCell`, an
@@ -490,8 +17,8 @@ pub(crate) struct TearableAtomicTime {
 impl TearableAtomicTime {
     pub(crate) fn new(time: MonotonicTime) -> Self {
         Self {
-            secs: AtomicI64::new(time.secs),
+            secs: AtomicI64::new(time.as_secs()),
-            nanos: AtomicU32::new(time.nanos),
+            nanos: AtomicU32::new(time.subsec_nanos()),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -502,170 +29,17 @@ impl TearableAtomic for TearableAtomicTime {
     fn tearable_load(&self) -> MonotonicTime {
         // Load each field separately. This can never create invalid values of a
         // `MonotonicTime`, even if the load is torn.
-        MonotonicTime {
+        MonotonicTime::new(
-            secs: self.secs.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            self.secs.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
-            nanos: self.nanos.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            self.nanos.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
-        }
+        )
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn tearable_store(&self, value: MonotonicTime) {
         // Write each field separately. This can never create invalid values of
         // a `MonotonicTime`, even if the store is torn.
-        self.secs.store(value.secs, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.secs.store(value.as_secs(), Ordering::Relaxed);
-        self.nanos.store(value.nanos, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.nanos.store(value.subsec_nanos(), Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(all(test, not(asynchronix_loom)))]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_equality() {
-        let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(123, 123_456_789);
-        let t1 = MonotonicTime::new(123, 123_456_789);
-        let t2 = MonotonicTime::new(123, 123_456_790);
-        let t3 = MonotonicTime::new(124, 123_456_789);
-
-        assert_eq!(t0, t1);
-        assert_ne!(t0, t2);
-        assert_ne!(t0, t3);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_ordering() {
-        let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(0, 1);
-        let t1 = MonotonicTime::new(1, 0);
-
-        assert!(t1 > t0);
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(miri))]
-    #[test]
-    fn time_from_system_smoke() {
-        const START_OF_2022: i64 = 1640995200;
-        const START_OF_2050: i64 = 2524608000;
-
-        let now_secs = MonotonicTime::from_system(0).unwrap().as_secs();
-
-        assert!(now_secs > START_OF_2022);
-        assert!(now_secs < START_OF_2050);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
-    fn time_invalid() {
-        MonotonicTime::new(123, 1_000_000_000);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_duration_since_smoke() {
-        let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(100, 100_000_000);
-        let t1 = MonotonicTime::new(123, 223_456_789);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            t1.checked_duration_since(t0),
-            Some(Duration::new(23, 123_456_789))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_duration_with_carry() {
-        let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(100, 200_000_000);
-        let t1 = MonotonicTime::new(101, 100_000_000);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            t1.checked_duration_since(t0),
-            Some(Duration::new(0, 900_000_000))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_duration_since_extreme() {
-        const MIN_TIME: MonotonicTime = MonotonicTime::new(i64::MIN, 0);
-        const MAX_TIME: MonotonicTime = MonotonicTime::new(i64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            MAX_TIME.checked_duration_since(MIN_TIME),
-            Some(Duration::new(u64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_duration_since_invalid() {
-        let t0 = MonotonicTime::new(100, 0);
-        let t1 = MonotonicTime::new(99, 0);
-
-        assert_eq!(t1.checked_duration_since(t0), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_add_duration_smoke() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(-100, 100_000_000);
-        let dt = Duration::new(400, 300_000_000);
-
-        assert_eq!(t + dt, MonotonicTime::new(300, 400_000_000));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_add_duration_with_carry() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(-100, 900_000_000);
-        let dt1 = Duration::new(400, 100_000_000);
-        let dt2 = Duration::new(400, 300_000_000);
-
-        assert_eq!(t + dt1, MonotonicTime::new(301, 0));
-        assert_eq!(t + dt2, MonotonicTime::new(301, 200_000_000));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_add_duration_extreme() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(i64::MIN, 0);
-        let dt = Duration::new(u64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1);
-
-        assert_eq!(t + dt, MonotonicTime::new(i64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
-    fn time_add_duration_overflow() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(i64::MIN, 1);
-        let dt = Duration::new(u64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1);
-
-        let _ = t + dt;
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_sub_duration_smoke() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(100, 500_000_000);
-        let dt = Duration::new(400, 300_000_000);
-
-        assert_eq!(t - dt, MonotonicTime::new(-300, 200_000_000));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_sub_duration_with_carry() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(100, 100_000_000);
-        let dt1 = Duration::new(400, 100_000_000);
-        let dt2 = Duration::new(400, 300_000_000);
-
-        assert_eq!(t - dt1, MonotonicTime::new(-300, 0));
-        assert_eq!(t - dt2, MonotonicTime::new(-301, 800_000_000));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn time_sub_duration_extreme() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(i64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1);
-        let dt = Duration::new(u64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1);
-
-        assert_eq!(t - dt, MonotonicTime::new(i64::MIN, 0));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic]
-    fn time_sub_duration_overflow() {
-        let t = MonotonicTime::new(i64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 2);
-        let dt = Duration::new(u64::MAX, NANOS_PER_SEC - 1);
-
-        let _ = t - dt;
     }
 }

asynchronix/src/time/scheduler.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,35 @@
 //! Scheduling functions and types.
 
 use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
 use std::future::Future;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
 use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{fmt, ptr};
 
 use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
 use recycle_box::{coerce_box, RecycleBox};
 
-use crate::channel::{ChannelId, Sender};
+use crate::channel::Sender;
 use crate::executor::Executor;
-use crate::model::{InputFn, Model};
+use crate::model::Model;
+use crate::ports::InputFn;
 use crate::time::{MonotonicTime, TearableAtomicTime};
 use crate::util::priority_queue::PriorityQueue;
 use crate::util::sync_cell::SyncCellReader;
 
 /// Shorthand for the scheduler queue type.
-pub(crate) type SchedulerQueue = PriorityQueue<(MonotonicTime, ChannelId), Box<dyn ScheduledEvent>>;
+
+// Why use both time and channel ID as the key? The short answer is that this
+// ensures that events targeting the same model are sent in the order they were
+// scheduled. More precisely, this ensures that events targeting the same model
+// are ordered contiguously in the priority queue, which in turns allows the
+// event loop to easily aggregate such events into single futures and thus
+// control their relative order of execution.
+pub(crate) type SchedulerQueue = PriorityQueue<(MonotonicTime, usize), Action>;
 
 /// Trait abstracting over time-absolute and time-relative deadlines.
 ///
@@ -81,7 +89,9 @@ impl Deadline for MonotonicTime {
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use std::time::Duration;
-/// use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output}; use asynchronix::time::Scheduler;
+/// use asynchronix::model::Model;
+/// use asynchronix::ports::Output;
+/// use asynchronix::time::Scheduler;
 ///
 /// #[derive(Default)]
 /// pub struct DelayedGreeter {
@@ -141,8 +151,8 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
     ///
     /// fn is_third_millenium<M: Model>(scheduler: &Scheduler<M>) -> bool {
     ///     let time = scheduler.time();
-    ///
+    ///     time >= MonotonicTime::new(978307200, 0).unwrap()
-    ///     time >= MonotonicTime::new(978307200, 0) && time < MonotonicTime::new(32535216000, 0)
+    ///         && time < MonotonicTime::new(32535216000, 0).unwrap()
     /// }
     /// ```
     pub fn time(&self) -> MonotonicTime {
@@ -203,7 +213,8 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Schedules a cancellable event at a future time and returns an event key.
+    /// Schedules a cancellable event at a future time and returns an action
+    /// key.
     ///
     /// An error is returned if the specified deadline is not in the future of
     /// the current simulation time.
@@ -212,12 +223,12 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use asynchronix::model::Model;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::{EventKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
+    /// use asynchronix::time::{ActionKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
     ///
     /// // An alarm clock that can be cancelled.
     /// #[derive(Default)]
     /// pub struct CancellableAlarmClock {
-    ///     event_key: Option<EventKey>,
+    ///     event_key: Option<ActionKey>,
     /// }
     ///
     /// impl CancellableAlarmClock {
@@ -248,7 +259,7 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
         deadline: impl Deadline,
         func: F,
         arg: T,
-    ) -> Result<EventKey, SchedulingError>
+    ) -> Result<ActionKey, SchedulingError>
     where
         F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
         T: Send + Clone + 'static,
@@ -337,7 +348,7 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
     }
 
     /// Schedules a cancellable, periodically recurring event at a future time
-    /// and returns an event key.
+    /// and returns an action key.
     ///
     /// An error is returned if the specified deadline is not in the future of
     /// the current simulation time or if the specified period is null.
@@ -348,13 +359,13 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
     /// use std::time::Duration;
     ///
     /// use asynchronix::model::Model;
-    /// use asynchronix::time::{EventKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
+    /// use asynchronix::time::{ActionKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
     ///
     /// // An alarm clock beeping at 1Hz that can be cancelled before it sets off, or
     /// // stopped after it sets off.
     /// #[derive(Default)]
     /// pub struct CancellableBeepingAlarmClock {
-    ///     event_key: Option<EventKey>,
+    ///     event_key: Option<ActionKey>,
     /// }
     ///
     /// impl CancellableBeepingAlarmClock {
@@ -391,7 +402,7 @@ impl<M: Model> Scheduler<M> {
         period: Duration,
         func: F,
         arg: T,
-    ) -> Result<EventKey, SchedulingError>
+    ) -> Result<ActionKey, SchedulingError>
     where
         F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
         T: Send + Clone + 'static,
@@ -425,34 +436,55 @@ impl<M: Model> fmt::Debug for Scheduler<M> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Handle to a scheduled event.
+/// Handle to a scheduled action.
 ///
-/// An `EventKey` can be used to cancel a future event.
+/// An `ActionKey` can be used to cancel a scheduled action.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-#[must_use = "prefer unkeyed scheduling methods if the event is never cancelled"]
+#[must_use = "prefer unkeyed scheduling methods if the action is never cancelled"]
-pub struct EventKey {
+pub struct ActionKey {
     is_cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
 }
 
-impl EventKey {
+impl ActionKey {
-    /// Creates a key for a pending event.
+    /// Creates a key for a pending action.
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             is_cancelled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
         }
     }
 
-    /// Checks whether the event was cancelled.
+    /// Checks whether the action was cancelled.
     pub(crate) fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
         self.is_cancelled.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
     }
 
-    /// Cancels the associated event.
+    /// Cancels the associated action.
     pub fn cancel(self) {
         self.is_cancelled.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq for ActionKey {
+    /// Implements equality by considering clones to be equivalent, rather than
+    /// keys with the same `is_cancelled` value.
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        ptr::addr_eq(&*self.is_cancelled, &*other.is_cancelled)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for ActionKey {}
+
+impl Hash for ActionKey {
+    /// Implements `Hash`` by considering clones to be equivalent, rather than
+    /// keys with the same `is_cancelled` value.
+    fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
+    where
+        H: Hasher,
+    {
+        ptr::hash(&*self.is_cancelled, state)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Error returned when the scheduled time or the repetition period are invalid.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum SchedulingError {
@@ -477,9 +509,73 @@ impl fmt::Display for SchedulingError {
 
 impl Error for SchedulingError {}
 
+/// A possibly periodic, possibly cancellable action that can be scheduled or
+/// processed immediately.
+pub struct Action {
+    inner: Box<dyn ActionInner>,
+}
+
+impl Action {
+    /// Creates a new `Action` from an `ActionInner`.
+    pub(crate) fn new<S: ActionInner>(s: S) -> Self {
+        Self { inner: Box::new(s) }
+    }
+
+    /// Reports whether the action was cancelled.
+    pub(crate) fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_cancelled()
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a periodic action, returns a boxed clone of this action and
+    /// its repetition period; otherwise returns `None`.
+    pub(crate) fn next(&self) -> Option<(Action, Duration)> {
+        self.inner
+            .next()
+            .map(|(inner, period)| (Self { inner }, period))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a boxed future that performs the action.
+    pub(crate) fn into_future(self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
+        self.inner.into_future()
+    }
+
+    /// Spawns the future that performs the action onto the provided executor.
+    ///
+    /// This method is typically more efficient that spawning the boxed future
+    /// from `into_future` since it can directly spawn the unboxed future.
+    pub(crate) fn spawn_and_forget(self, executor: &Executor) {
+        self.inner.spawn_and_forget(executor)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Action {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("SchedulableEvent").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trait abstracting over the inner type of an action.
+pub(crate) trait ActionInner: Send + 'static {
+    /// Reports whether the action was cancelled.
+    fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// If this is a periodic action, returns a boxed clone of this action and
+    /// its repetition period; otherwise returns `None`.
+    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ActionInner>, Duration)>;
+
+    /// Returns a boxed future that performs the action.
+    fn into_future(self: Box<Self>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>>;
+
+    /// Spawns the future that performs the action onto the provided executor.
+    ///
+    /// This method is typically more efficient that spawning the boxed future
+    /// from `into_future` since it can directly spawn the unboxed future.
+    fn spawn_and_forget(self: Box<Self>, executor: &Executor);
+}
+
 /// Schedules an event at a future time.
 ///
-/// This method does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
+/// This function does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
 /// of the current simulation time.
 pub(crate) fn schedule_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
     time: MonotonicTime,
@@ -495,15 +591,15 @@ pub(crate) fn schedule_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
 {
     let channel_id = sender.channel_id();
 
-    let event_dispatcher = Box::new(new_event_dispatcher(func, arg, sender));
+    let action = Action::new(OnceAction::new(process_event(func, arg, sender)));
 
     let mut scheduler_queue = scheduler_queue.lock().unwrap();
-    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), event_dispatcher);
+    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), action);
 }
 
-/// Schedules an event at a future time, returning an event key.
+/// Schedules an event at a future time, returning an action key.
 ///
-/// This method does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
+/// This function does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
 /// of the current simulation time.
 pub(crate) fn schedule_keyed_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
     time: MonotonicTime,
@@ -511,31 +607,29 @@ pub(crate) fn schedule_keyed_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
     arg: T,
     sender: Sender<M>,
     scheduler_queue: &Mutex<SchedulerQueue>,
-) -> EventKey
+) -> ActionKey
 where
     M: Model,
     F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
     T: Send + Clone + 'static,
     S: Send + 'static,
 {
-    let event_key = EventKey::new();
+    let event_key = ActionKey::new();
     let channel_id = sender.channel_id();
-    let event_dispatcher = Box::new(KeyedEventDispatcher::new(
+    let action = Action::new(KeyedOnceAction::new(
+        |ek| send_keyed_event(ek, func, arg, sender),
         event_key.clone(),
-        func,
-        arg,
-        sender,
     ));
 
     let mut scheduler_queue = scheduler_queue.lock().unwrap();
-    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), event_dispatcher);
+    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), action);
 
     event_key
 }
 
 /// Schedules a periodic event at a future time.
 ///
-/// This method does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
+/// This function does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
 /// of the current simulation time.
 pub(crate) fn schedule_periodic_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
     time: MonotonicTime,
@@ -552,15 +646,18 @@ pub(crate) fn schedule_periodic_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
 {
     let channel_id = sender.channel_id();
 
-    let event_dispatcher = Box::new(PeriodicEventDispatcher::new(func, arg, sender, period));
+    let action = Action::new(PeriodicAction::new(
+        || process_event(func, arg, sender),
+        period,
+    ));
 
     let mut scheduler_queue = scheduler_queue.lock().unwrap();
-    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), event_dispatcher);
+    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), action);
 }
 
-/// Schedules an event at a future time, returning an event key.
+/// Schedules an event at a future time, returning an action key.
 ///
-/// This method does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
+/// This function does not check whether the specified time lies in the future
 /// of the current simulation time.
 pub(crate) fn schedule_periodic_keyed_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
     time: MonotonicTime,
@@ -569,84 +666,52 @@ pub(crate) fn schedule_periodic_keyed_event_at_unchecked<M, F, T, S>(
     arg: T,
     sender: Sender<M>,
     scheduler_queue: &Mutex<SchedulerQueue>,
-) -> EventKey
+) -> ActionKey
 where
     M: Model,
     F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
     T: Send + Clone + 'static,
     S: Send + 'static,
 {
-    let event_key = EventKey::new();
+    let event_key = ActionKey::new();
     let channel_id = sender.channel_id();
-    let event_dispatcher = Box::new(PeriodicKeyedEventDispatcher::new(
+    let action = Action::new(KeyedPeriodicAction::new(
-        event_key.clone(),
+        |ek| send_keyed_event(ek, func, arg, sender),
-        func,
-        arg,
-        sender,
         period,
+        event_key.clone(),
     ));
 
     let mut scheduler_queue = scheduler_queue.lock().unwrap();
-    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), event_dispatcher);
+    scheduler_queue.insert((time, channel_id), action);
 
     event_key
 }
 
-/// Trait for objects that can be converted to a future dispatching a scheduled
-/// event.
-pub(crate) trait ScheduledEvent: Send {
-    /// Reports whether the associated event was cancelled.
-    fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool;
-
-    /// Returns a boxed clone of this event and the repetition period if this is
-    /// a periodic even, otherwise returns `None`.
-    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ScheduledEvent>, Duration)>;
-
-    /// Returns a boxed future dispatching the associated event.
-    fn into_future(self: Box<Self>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>>;
-
-    /// Spawns the future that dispatches the associated event onto the provided
-    /// executor.
-    ///
-    /// This method is typically more efficient that spawning the boxed future
-    /// from `into_future` since it can directly spawn the unboxed future.
-    fn spawn_and_forget(self: Box<Self>, executor: &Executor);
-}
-
 pin_project! {
-    /// Object that can be converted to a future dispatching a non-cancellable
+    /// An object that can be converted to a future performing a single
-    /// event.
+    /// non-cancellable action.
     ///
-    /// Note that this particular event dispatcher is in fact already a future:
+    /// Note that this particular action is in fact already a future: since the
-    /// since the future cannot be cancelled and the dispatcher does not need to
+    /// future cannot be cancelled and the action does not need to be cloned,
-    /// be cloned, there is no need to defer the construction of the future.
+    /// there is no need to defer the construction of the future. This makes
-    /// This makes `into_future` a trivial cast, which saves a boxing operation.
+    /// `into_future` a trivial cast, which saves a boxing operation.
-    pub(crate) struct EventDispatcher<F> {
+    pub(crate) struct OnceAction<F> {
         #[pin]
         fut: F,
     }
 }
 
-/// Constructs a new `EventDispatcher`.
+impl<F> OnceAction<F>
-///
-/// Due to some limitations of type inference or of my understanding of it, the
-/// constructor for this event dispatchers is a freestanding function.
-fn new_event_dispatcher<M, F, T, S>(
-    func: F,
-    arg: T,
-    sender: Sender<M>,
-) -> EventDispatcher<impl Future<Output = ()>>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    let fut = dispatch_event(func, arg, sender);
+    /// Constructs a new `OnceAction`.
-
+    pub(crate) fn new(fut: F) -> Self {
-    EventDispatcher { fut }
+        OnceAction { fut }
+    }
 }
 
-impl<F> Future for EventDispatcher<F>
+impl<F> Future for OnceAction<F>
 where
     F: Future,
 {
@@ -658,14 +723,14 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F> ScheduledEvent for EventDispatcher<F>
+impl<F> ActionInner for OnceAction<F>
 where
     F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
 {
     fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
         false
     }
-    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ScheduledEvent>, Duration)> {
+    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ActionInner>, Duration)> {
         None
     }
     fn into_future(self: Box<Self>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
@@ -677,230 +742,155 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// Object that can be converted to a future dispatching a non-cancellable periodic
+/// An object that can be converted to a future performing a non-cancellable,
-/// event.
+/// periodic action.
-pub(crate) struct PeriodicEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+pub(crate) struct PeriodicAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce() -> F) + Clone + Send + 'static,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
 {
-    func: F,
+    /// A clonable generator for the associated future.
-    arg: T,
+    gen: G,
-    sender: Sender<M>,
+    /// The action repetition period.
     period: Duration,
-    _input_kind: PhantomData<S>,
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, S> PeriodicEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+impl<G, F> PeriodicAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce() -> F) + Clone + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    /// Constructs a new `PeriodicEventDispatcher`.
+    /// Constructs a new `PeriodicAction`.
-    fn new(func: F, arg: T, sender: Sender<M>, period: Duration) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(gen: G, period: Duration) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { gen, period }
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
-            period,
-            _input_kind: PhantomData,
-        }
     }
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, S> ScheduledEvent for PeriodicEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+impl<G, F> ActionInner for PeriodicAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce() -> F) + Clone + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
-    S: Send + 'static,
 {
     fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
         false
     }
-    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ScheduledEvent>, Duration)> {
+    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ActionInner>, Duration)> {
-        let event = Box::new(Self::new(
+        let event = Box::new(Self::new(self.gen.clone(), self.period));
-            self.func.clone(),
-            self.arg.clone(),
-            self.sender.clone(),
-            self.period,
-        ));
 
         Some((event, self.period))
     }
     fn into_future(self: Box<Self>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
-        let Self {
+        Box::pin((self.gen)())
-            func, arg, sender, ..
-        } = *self;
-
-        Box::pin(dispatch_event(func, arg, sender))
     }
     fn spawn_and_forget(self: Box<Self>, executor: &Executor) {
-        let Self {
+        executor.spawn_and_forget((self.gen)());
-            func, arg, sender, ..
-        } = *self;
-
-        let fut = dispatch_event(func, arg, sender);
-        executor.spawn_and_forget(fut);
     }
 }
 
-/// Object that can be converted to a future dispatching a cancellable event.
+/// An object that can be converted to a future performing a single, cancellable
-pub(crate) struct KeyedEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+/// action.
+pub(crate) struct KeyedOnceAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce(ActionKey) -> F) + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    event_key: EventKey,
+    /// A generator for the associated future.
-    func: F,
+    gen: G,
-    arg: T,
+    /// The event cancellation key.
-    sender: Sender<M>,
+    event_key: ActionKey,
-    _input_kind: PhantomData<S>,
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, S> KeyedEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+impl<G, F> KeyedOnceAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce(ActionKey) -> F) + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    /// Constructs a new `KeyedEventDispatcher`.
+    /// Constructs a new `KeyedOnceAction`.
-    fn new(event_key: EventKey, func: F, arg: T, sender: Sender<M>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(gen: G, event_key: ActionKey) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { gen, event_key }
-            event_key,
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
-            _input_kind: PhantomData,
-        }
     }
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, S> ScheduledEvent for KeyedEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+impl<G, F> ActionInner for KeyedOnceAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce(ActionKey) -> F) + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
-    S: Send + 'static,
 {
     fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
         self.event_key.is_cancelled()
     }
-    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ScheduledEvent>, Duration)> {
+    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ActionInner>, Duration)> {
         None
     }
     fn into_future(self: Box<Self>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
-        let Self {
+        Box::pin((self.gen)(self.event_key))
-            event_key,
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
-            ..
-        } = *self;
-
-        Box::pin(dispatch_keyed_event(event_key, func, arg, sender))
     }
     fn spawn_and_forget(self: Box<Self>, executor: &Executor) {
-        let Self {
+        executor.spawn_and_forget((self.gen)(self.event_key));
-            event_key,
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
-            ..
-        } = *self;
-
-        let fut = dispatch_keyed_event(event_key, func, arg, sender);
-        executor.spawn_and_forget(fut);
     }
 }
 
-/// Object that can be converted to a future dispatching a cancellable event.
+/// An object that can be converted to a future performing a periodic,
-pub(crate) struct PeriodicKeyedEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+/// cancellable action.
+pub(crate) struct KeyedPeriodicAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce(ActionKey) -> F) + Clone + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    event_key: EventKey,
+    /// A clonable generator for associated future.
-    func: F,
+    gen: G,
-    arg: T,
+    /// The repetition period.
-    sender: Sender<M>,
     period: Duration,
-    _input_kind: PhantomData<S>,
+    /// The event cancellation key.
+    event_key: ActionKey,
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, S> PeriodicKeyedEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+impl<G, F> KeyedPeriodicAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce(ActionKey) -> F) + Clone + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    /// Constructs a new `KeyedEventDispatcher`.
+    /// Constructs a new `KeyedPeriodicAction`.
-    fn new(event_key: EventKey, func: F, arg: T, sender: Sender<M>, period: Duration) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(gen: G, period: Duration, event_key: ActionKey) -> Self {
         Self {
-            event_key,
+            gen,
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
             period,
-            _input_kind: PhantomData,
+            event_key,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<M, F, T, S> ScheduledEvent for PeriodicKeyedEventDispatcher<M, F, T, S>
+impl<G, F> ActionInner for KeyedPeriodicAction<G, F>
 where
-    M: Model,
+    G: (FnOnce(ActionKey) -> F) + Clone + Send + 'static,
-    F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S> + Clone,
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
-    S: Send + 'static,
 {
     fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
         self.event_key.is_cancelled()
     }
-    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ScheduledEvent>, Duration)> {
+    fn next(&self) -> Option<(Box<dyn ActionInner>, Duration)> {
         let event = Box::new(Self::new(
-            self.event_key.clone(),
+            self.gen.clone(),
-            self.func.clone(),
-            self.arg.clone(),
-            self.sender.clone(),
             self.period,
+            self.event_key.clone(),
         ));
 
         Some((event, self.period))
     }
     fn into_future(self: Box<Self>) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
-        let Self {
+        Box::pin((self.gen)(self.event_key))
-            event_key,
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
-            ..
-        } = *self;
-
-        Box::pin(dispatch_keyed_event(event_key, func, arg, sender))
     }
     fn spawn_and_forget(self: Box<Self>, executor: &Executor) {
-        let Self {
+        executor.spawn_and_forget((self.gen)(self.event_key));
-            event_key,
-            func,
-            arg,
-            sender,
-            ..
-        } = *self;
-
-        let fut = dispatch_keyed_event(event_key, func, arg, sender);
-        executor.spawn_and_forget(fut);
     }
 }
 
-/// Asynchronously dispatch a regular, non-cancellable event.
+/// Asynchronously sends a non-cancellable event to a model input.
-async fn dispatch_event<M, F, T, S>(func: F, arg: T, sender: Sender<M>)
+pub(crate) async fn process_event<M, F, T, S>(func: F, arg: T, sender: Sender<M>)
 where
     M: Model,
     F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
-    T: Send + Clone + 'static,
+    T: Send + 'static,
 {
     let _ = sender
         .send(
@@ -916,9 +906,13 @@ where
         .await;
 }
 
-/// Asynchronously dispatch a cancellable event.
+/// Asynchronously sends a cancellable event to a model input.
-async fn dispatch_keyed_event<M, F, T, S>(event_key: EventKey, func: F, arg: T, sender: Sender<M>)
+pub(crate) async fn send_keyed_event<M, F, T, S>(
-where
+    event_key: ActionKey,
+    func: F,
+    arg: T,
+    sender: Sender<M>,
+) where
     M: Model,
     F: for<'a> InputFn<'a, M, T, S>,
     T: Send + Clone + 'static,

asynchronix/src/util.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 pub(crate) mod bit;
-pub(crate) mod futures;
+pub(crate) mod indexed_priority_queue;
 pub(crate) mod priority_queue;
 pub(crate) mod rng;
+pub(crate) mod seq_futures;
 pub(crate) mod slot;
-pub(crate) mod spsc_queue;
 pub(crate) mod sync_cell;
+pub(crate) mod task_set;

asynchronix/src/util/bit.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 //! Bit manipulation and algorithms.
 
-#![allow(unused)]
-
 /// Find the position of the `Nᵗʰ` set bit starting the search from the least
 /// significant bit.
 ///

asynchronix/src/util/indexed_priority_queue.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,696 @@
+//! Associative priority queue.
+
+#![allow(unused)]
+
+use std::mem;
+
+/// An associative container optimized for extraction of the value with the
+/// lowest key and deletion of arbitrary key-value pairs.
+///
+/// This implementation has the same theoretical complexity for insert and pull
+/// operations as a conventional array-based binary heap but does differ from
+/// the latter in some important aspects:
+///
+/// - elements can be deleted in *O*(log(*N*)) time rather than *O*(*N*) time
+///   using a unique index returned at insertion time.
+/// - same-key elements are guaranteed to be pulled in FIFO order,
+///
+/// Under the hood, the priority queue relies on a binary heap cross-indexed
+/// with values stored in a slab allocator. Each item of the binary heap
+/// contains an index pointing to the associated slab-allocated node, as well as
+/// the user-provided key. Each slab node contains the value associated to the
+/// key and a back-pointing index to the binary heap. The heap items also
+/// contain a unique epoch which allows same-key nodes to be sorted by insertion
+/// order. The epoch is used as well to build unique indices that enable
+/// efficient deletion of arbitrary key-value pairs.
+///
+/// The slab-based design is what makes *O*(log(*N*)) deletion possible, but it
+/// does come with some trade-offs:
+///
+/// - its memory footprint is higher because it needs 2 extra pointer-sized
+///   indices for each element to cross-index the heap and the slab,
+/// - its computational footprint is higher because of the extra cost associated
+///   with random slab access; that being said, array-based binary heaps are not
+///   extremely cache-friendly to start with so unless the slab becomes very
+///   fragmented, this is not expected to introduce more than a reasonable
+///   constant-factor penalty compared to a conventional binary heap.
+///
+/// The computational penalty is partially offset by the fact that the value
+/// never needs to be moved from the moment it is inserted until it is pulled.
+///
+/// Note that the `Copy` bound on they keys could be lifted but this would make
+/// the implementation slightly less efficient unless `unsafe` is used.
+pub(crate) struct IndexedPriorityQueue<K, V>
+where
+    K: Copy + Clone + Ord,
+{
+    heap: Vec<Item<K>>,
+    slab: Vec<Node<V>>,
+    first_free_node: Option<usize>,
+    next_epoch: u64,
+}
+
+impl<K: Copy + Ord, V> IndexedPriorityQueue<K, V> {
+    /// Creates an empty `PriorityQueue`.
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            heap: Vec::new(),
+            slab: Vec::new(),
+            first_free_node: None,
+            next_epoch: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an empty `PriorityQueue` with at least the specified capacity.
+    pub(crate) fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            heap: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
+            slab: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
+            first_free_node: None,
+            next_epoch: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of key-value pairs in the priority queue.
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.heap.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a new key-value pair and returns a unique insertion key.
+    ///
+    /// This operation has *O*(log(*N*)) amortized worse-case theoretical
+    /// complexity and *O*(1) amortized theoretical complexity for a
+    /// sufficiently random heap.
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> InsertKey {
+        // Build a unique key from the user-provided key and a unique epoch.
+        let epoch = self.next_epoch;
+        assert_ne!(epoch, u64::MAX);
+        self.next_epoch += 1;
+        let unique_key = UniqueKey { key, epoch };
+
+        // Add a new node to the slab, either by re-using a free node or by
+        // appending a new one.
+        let slab_idx = match self.first_free_node {
+            Some(idx) => {
+                self.first_free_node = self.slab[idx].unwrap_next_free_node();
+
+                self.slab[idx] = Node::HeapNode(HeapNode {
+                    value,
+                    heap_idx: 0, // temporary value overridden in `sift_up`
+                });
+
+                idx
+            }
+            None => {
+                let idx = self.slab.len();
+                self.slab.push(Node::HeapNode(HeapNode {
+                    value,
+                    heap_idx: 0, // temporary value overridden in `sift_up`
+                }));
+
+                idx
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Add a new node at the bottom of the heap.
+        let heap_idx = self.heap.len();
+        self.heap.push(Item {
+            key: unique_key, // temporary value overridden in `sift_up`
+            slab_idx: 0,     // temporary value overridden in `sift_up`
+        });
+
+        // Sift up the new node.
+        self.sift_up(
+            Item {
+                key: unique_key,
+                slab_idx,
+            },
+            heap_idx,
+        );
+
+        InsertKey { slab_idx, epoch }
+    }
+
+    /// Pulls the value with the lowest key.
+    ///
+    /// If there are several equal lowest keys, the value which was inserted
+    /// first is returned.
+    ///
+    /// This operation has *O*(log(N)) non-amortized theoretical complexity.
+    pub(crate) fn pull(&mut self) -> Option<(K, V)> {
+        let item = self.heap.first()?;
+        let top_slab_idx = item.slab_idx;
+        let key = item.key.key;
+
+        // Free the top node, extracting its value.
+        let value = mem::replace(
+            &mut self.slab[top_slab_idx],
+            Node::FreeNode(FreeNode {
+                next: self.first_free_node,
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap_value();
+
+        self.first_free_node = Some(top_slab_idx);
+
+        // Sift the last node at the bottom of the heap from the top of the heap.
+        let last_item = self.heap.pop().unwrap();
+        if last_item.slab_idx != top_slab_idx {
+            self.sift_down(last_item, 0);
+        }
+
+        Some((key, value))
+    }
+
+    /// Peeks a reference to the key-value pair with the lowest key, leaving it
+    /// in the queue.
+    ///
+    /// If there are several equal lowest keys, a reference to the key-value
+    /// pair which was inserted first is returned.
+    ///
+    /// This operation has *O*(1) non-amortized theoretical complexity.
+    pub(crate) fn peek(&self) -> Option<(&K, &V)> {
+        let item = self.heap.first()?;
+        let top_slab_idx = item.slab_idx;
+        let key = &item.key.key;
+        let value = self.slab[top_slab_idx].unwrap_value_ref();
+
+        Some((key, value))
+    }
+
+    /// Peeks a reference to the lowest key, leaving it in the queue.
+    ///
+    /// If there are several equal lowest keys, a reference to the key which was
+    /// inserted first is returned.
+    ///
+    /// This operation has *O*(1) non-amortized theoretical complexity.
+    pub(crate) fn peek_key(&self) -> Option<&K> {
+        let item = self.heap.first()?;
+
+        Some(&item.key.key)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the key-value pair associated to the provided insertion key if
+    /// it is still in the queue and returns it.
+    ///
+    /// Using an insertion key returned from another `PriorityQueue` is a logic
+    /// error and could result in the deletion of an arbitrary key-value pair.
+    ///
+    /// This operation has guaranteed *O*(log(*N*)) theoretical complexity.
+    pub(crate) fn extract(&mut self, insert_key: InsertKey) -> Option<(K, V)> {
+        let slab_idx = insert_key.slab_idx;
+
+        // Check that (i) there is a node at this index, (ii) this node is in
+        // the heap and (iii) this node has the correct epoch.
+        match self.slab.get(slab_idx) {
+            None | Some(Node::FreeNode(_)) => return None,
+            Some(Node::HeapNode(node)) => {
+                if self.heap[node.heap_idx].key.epoch != insert_key.epoch {
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Free the node, extracting its content.
+        let node = mem::replace(
+            &mut self.slab[slab_idx],
+            Node::FreeNode(FreeNode {
+                next: self.first_free_node,
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap_heap_node();
+
+        self.first_free_node = Some(slab_idx);
+
+        // Save the key before the node is removed from the heap.
+        let key = self.heap[node.heap_idx].key.key;
+
+        // If the last item of the heap is not the one to be deleted, sift it up
+        // or down as appropriate starting from the vacant spot.
+        let last_item = self.heap.pop().unwrap();
+        if let Some(item) = self.heap.get(node.heap_idx) {
+            if last_item.key < item.key {
+                self.sift_up(last_item, node.heap_idx);
+            } else {
+                self.sift_down(last_item, node.heap_idx);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some((key, node.value))
+    }
+
+    /// Take a heap item and, starting at `heap_idx`, move it up the heap while
+    /// a parent has a larger key.
+    #[inline]
+    fn sift_up(&mut self, item: Item<K>, heap_idx: usize) {
+        let mut child_heap_idx = heap_idx;
+        let key = &item.key;
+
+        while child_heap_idx != 0 {
+            let parent_heap_idx = (child_heap_idx - 1) / 2;
+
+            // Stop when the key is larger or equal to the parent's.
+            if key >= &self.heap[parent_heap_idx].key {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Move the parent down one level.
+            self.heap[child_heap_idx] = self.heap[parent_heap_idx];
+            let parent_slab_idx = self.heap[parent_heap_idx].slab_idx;
+            *self.slab[parent_slab_idx].unwrap_heap_index_mut() = child_heap_idx;
+
+            // Stop when the key is larger or equal to the parent's.
+            if key >= &self.heap[parent_heap_idx].key {
+                break;
+            }
+            // Make the former parent the new child.
+            child_heap_idx = parent_heap_idx;
+        }
+
+        // Move the original item to the current child.
+        self.heap[child_heap_idx] = item;
+        *self.slab[item.slab_idx].unwrap_heap_index_mut() = child_heap_idx;
+    }
+
+    /// Take a heap item and, starting at `heap_idx`, move it down the heap
+    /// while a child has a smaller key.
+    #[inline]
+    fn sift_down(&mut self, item: Item<K>, heap_idx: usize) {
+        let mut parent_heap_idx = heap_idx;
+        let mut child_heap_idx = 2 * parent_heap_idx + 1;
+        let key = &item.key;
+
+        while child_heap_idx < self.heap.len() {
+            // If the sibling exists and has a smaller key, make it the
+            // candidate for swapping.
+            if let Some(other_child) = self.heap.get(child_heap_idx + 1) {
+                child_heap_idx += (self.heap[child_heap_idx].key > other_child.key) as usize;
+            }
+
+            // Stop when the key is smaller or equal to the child with the smallest key.
+            if key <= &self.heap[child_heap_idx].key {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Move the child up one level.
+            self.heap[parent_heap_idx] = self.heap[child_heap_idx];
+            let child_slab_idx = self.heap[child_heap_idx].slab_idx;
+            *self.slab[child_slab_idx].unwrap_heap_index_mut() = parent_heap_idx;
+
+            // Make the child the new parent.
+            parent_heap_idx = child_heap_idx;
+            child_heap_idx = 2 * parent_heap_idx + 1;
+        }
+
+        // Move the original item to the current parent.
+        self.heap[parent_heap_idx] = item;
+        *self.slab[item.slab_idx].unwrap_heap_index_mut() = parent_heap_idx;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Copy + Ord, V> Default for IndexedPriorityQueue<K, V> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Data related to a single key-value pair stored in the heap.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct Item<K: Copy> {
+    // A unique key by which the heap is sorted.
+    key: UniqueKey<K>,
+    // An index pointing to the corresponding node in the slab.
+    slab_idx: usize,
+}
+
+/// Data related to a single key-value pair stored in the slab.
+enum Node<V> {
+    FreeNode(FreeNode),
+    HeapNode(HeapNode<V>),
+}
+
+impl<V> Node<V> {
+    /// Unwraps the `FreeNode::next` field.
+    fn unwrap_next_free_node(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::FreeNode(n) => n.next,
+            _ => panic!("the node was expected to be a free node"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unwraps a `HeapNode`.
+    fn unwrap_heap_node(self) -> HeapNode<V> {
+        match self {
+            Self::HeapNode(n) => n,
+            _ => panic!("the node was expected to be a heap node"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unwraps the `HeapNode::value` field.
+    fn unwrap_value(self) -> V {
+        match self {
+            Self::HeapNode(n) => n.value,
+            _ => panic!("the node was expected to be a heap node"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unwraps the `HeapNode::value` field.
+    fn unwrap_value_ref(&self) -> &V {
+        match self {
+            Self::HeapNode(n) => &n.value,
+            _ => panic!("the node was expected to be a heap node"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unwraps a mutable reference to the `HeapNode::heap_idx` field.
+    fn unwrap_heap_index_mut(&mut self) -> &mut usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::HeapNode(n) => &mut n.heap_idx,
+            _ => panic!("the node was expected to be a heap node"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A node that is no longer in the binary heap.
+struct FreeNode {
+    // An index pointing to the next free node, if any.
+    next: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+/// A node currently in the binary heap.
+struct HeapNode<V> {
+    // The value associated to this node.
+    value: V,
+    // Index of the node in the heap.
+    heap_idx: usize,
+}
+
+/// A unique insertion key that can be used for key-value pair deletion.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct InsertKey {
+    // An index pointing to a node in the slab.
+    slab_idx: usize,
+    // The epoch when the node was inserted.
+    epoch: u64,
+}
+
+impl InsertKey {
+    // Creates an `InsertKey` directly from its raw components.
+    //
+    // This method is safe: the worse than can happen is for the key to be
+    // invalid, in which case it will simply be rejected by
+    // `IndexedPriorityQueue::extract`.
+    pub(crate) fn from_raw_parts(slab_idx: usize, epoch: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { slab_idx, epoch }
+    }
+
+    // Decomposes an `InsertKey` into its raw components.
+    pub(crate) fn into_raw_parts(self) -> (usize, u64) {
+        (self.slab_idx, self.epoch)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A unique key made of the user-provided key complemented by a unique epoch.
+///
+/// Implementation note: `UniqueKey` automatically derives `PartialOrd`, which
+/// implies that lexicographic order between `key` and `epoch` must be preserved
+/// to make sure that `key` has a higher sorting priority than `epoch`.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+struct UniqueKey<K: Copy + Clone> {
+    /// The user-provided key.
+    key: K,
+    /// A unique epoch that indicates the insertion date.
+    epoch: u64,
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, not(asynchronix_loom)))]
+mod tests {
+    use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    enum Op<K, V> {
+        Insert(K, V),
+        InsertAndMark(K, V),
+        Pull(Option<(K, V)>),
+        ExtractMarked(Option<(K, V)>),
+    }
+
+    fn check<K: Copy + Clone + Ord + Debug, V: Eq + Debug>(
+        operations: impl Iterator<Item = Op<K, V>>,
+    ) {
+        let mut queue = IndexedPriorityQueue::new();
+        let mut marked = None;
+
+        for op in operations {
+            match op {
+                Op::Insert(key, value) => {
+                    queue.insert(key, value);
+                }
+                Op::InsertAndMark(key, value) => {
+                    marked = Some(queue.insert(key, value));
+                }
+                Op::Pull(kv) => {
+                    assert_eq!(queue.pull(), kv);
+                }
+                Op::ExtractMarked(kv) => {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        queue.extract(marked.take().expect("no item was marked for deletion")),
+                        kv
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_priority_queue_smoke() {
+        let operations = [
+            Op::Insert(5, 'a'),
+            Op::Insert(2, 'b'),
+            Op::Insert(3, 'c'),
+            Op::Insert(4, 'd'),
+            Op::Insert(9, 'e'),
+            Op::Insert(1, 'f'),
+            Op::Insert(8, 'g'),
+            Op::Insert(0, 'h'),
+            Op::Insert(7, 'i'),
+            Op::Insert(6, 'j'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((0, 'h'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((1, 'f'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((2, 'b'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((3, 'c'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'd'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((5, 'a'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((6, 'j'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((7, 'i'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((8, 'g'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((9, 'e'))),
+        ];
+
+        check(operations.into_iter());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_priority_queue_interleaved() {
+        let operations = [
+            Op::Insert(2, 'a'),
+            Op::Insert(7, 'b'),
+            Op::Insert(5, 'c'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((2, 'a'))),
+            Op::Insert(4, 'd'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'd'))),
+            Op::Insert(8, 'e'),
+            Op::Insert(2, 'f'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((2, 'f'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((5, 'c'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((7, 'b'))),
+            Op::Insert(5, 'g'),
+            Op::Insert(3, 'h'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((3, 'h'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((5, 'g'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((8, 'e'))),
+            Op::Pull(None),
+        ];
+
+        check(operations.into_iter());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_priority_queue_equal_keys() {
+        let operations = [
+            Op::Insert(4, 'a'),
+            Op::Insert(1, 'b'),
+            Op::Insert(3, 'c'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((1, 'b'))),
+            Op::Insert(4, 'd'),
+            Op::Insert(8, 'e'),
+            Op::Insert(3, 'f'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((3, 'c'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((3, 'f'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'a'))),
+            Op::Insert(8, 'g'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'd'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((8, 'e'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((8, 'g'))),
+            Op::Pull(None),
+        ];
+
+        check(operations.into_iter());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_priority_queue_extract_valid() {
+        let operations = [
+            Op::Insert(8, 'a'),
+            Op::Insert(1, 'b'),
+            Op::Insert(3, 'c'),
+            Op::InsertAndMark(3, 'd'),
+            Op::Insert(2, 'e'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((1, 'b'))),
+            Op::Insert(4, 'f'),
+            Op::ExtractMarked(Some((3, 'd'))),
+            Op::Insert(5, 'g'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((2, 'e'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((3, 'c'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'f'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((5, 'g'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((8, 'a'))),
+            Op::Pull(None),
+        ];
+
+        check(operations.into_iter());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_priority_queue_extract_invalid() {
+        let operations = [
+            Op::Insert(0, 'a'),
+            Op::Insert(7, 'b'),
+            Op::InsertAndMark(2, 'c'),
+            Op::Insert(4, 'd'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((0, 'a'))),
+            Op::Insert(2, 'e'),
+            Op::Pull(Some((2, 'c'))),
+            Op::Insert(4, 'f'),
+            Op::ExtractMarked(None),
+            Op::Pull(Some((2, 'e'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'd'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((4, 'f'))),
+            Op::Pull(Some((7, 'b'))),
+            Op::Pull(None),
+        ];
+
+        check(operations.into_iter());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_priority_queue_fuzz() {
+        use std::cell::Cell;
+        use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+        use crate::util::rng::Rng;
+
+        // Number of fuzzing operations.
+        const ITER: usize = if cfg!(miri) { 1000 } else { 10_000_000 };
+
+        // Inclusive upper bound for randomly generated keys.
+        const MAX_KEY: u64 = 99;
+
+        // Probabilistic weight of each of the 4 operations.
+        //
+        // The weight for pull values should probably stay close to the sum of
+        // the two insertion weights to prevent queue size runaway.
+        const INSERT_WEIGHT: u64 = 5;
+        const INSERT_AND_MARK_WEIGHT: u64 = 1;
+        const PULL_WEIGHT: u64 = INSERT_WEIGHT + INSERT_AND_MARK_WEIGHT;
+        const DELETE_MARKED_WEIGHT: u64 = 1;
+
+        // Defines 4 basic operations on the priority queue, each of them being
+        // performed on both the tested implementation and on a shadow queue
+        // implemented with a `BTreeMap`. Any mismatch between the outcomes of
+        // pull and delete operations between the two queues triggers a panic.
+        let epoch: Cell<usize> = Cell::new(0);
+        let marked: Cell<Option<InsertKey>> = Cell::new(None);
+        let shadow_marked: Cell<Option<(u64, usize)>> = Cell::new(None);
+
+        let insert_fn = |queue: &mut IndexedPriorityQueue<u64, u64>,
+                         shadow_queue: &mut BTreeMap<(u64, usize), u64>,
+                         key,
+                         value| {
+            queue.insert(key, value);
+            shadow_queue.insert((key, epoch.get()), value);
+            epoch.set(epoch.get() + 1);
+        };
+
+        let insert_and_mark_fn = |queue: &mut IndexedPriorityQueue<u64, u64>,
+                                  shadow_queue: &mut BTreeMap<(u64, usize), u64>,
+                                  key,
+                                  value| {
+            marked.set(Some(queue.insert(key, value)));
+            shadow_queue.insert((key, epoch.get()), value);
+            shadow_marked.set(Some((key, epoch.get())));
+            epoch.set(epoch.get() + 1);
+        };
+
+        let pull_fn = |queue: &mut IndexedPriorityQueue<u64, u64>,
+                       shadow_queue: &mut BTreeMap<(u64, usize), u64>| {
+            let value = queue.pull();
+            let shadow_value = match shadow_queue.iter().next() {
+                Some((&unique_key, &value)) => {
+                    shadow_queue.remove(&unique_key);
+                    Some((unique_key.0, value))
+                }
+                None => None,
+            };
+            assert_eq!(value, shadow_value);
+        };
+
+        let delete_marked_fn =
+            |queue: &mut IndexedPriorityQueue<u64, u64>,
+             shadow_queue: &mut BTreeMap<(u64, usize), u64>| {
+                let success = match marked.take() {
+                    Some(delete_key) => Some(queue.extract(delete_key).is_some()),
+                    None => None,
+                };
+                let shadow_success = match shadow_marked.take() {
+                    Some(delete_key) => Some(shadow_queue.remove(&delete_key).is_some()),
+                    None => None,
+                };
+                assert_eq!(success, shadow_success);
+            };
+
+        // Fuzz away.
+        let mut queue = IndexedPriorityQueue::new();
+        let mut shadow_queue = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        let rng = Rng::new(12345);
+        const TOTAL_WEIGHT: u64 =
+            INSERT_WEIGHT + INSERT_AND_MARK_WEIGHT + PULL_WEIGHT + DELETE_MARKED_WEIGHT;
+
+        for _ in 0..ITER {
+            // Randomly choose one of the 4 possible operations, respecting the
+            // probability weights.
+            let mut op = rng.gen_bounded(TOTAL_WEIGHT);
+            if op < INSERT_WEIGHT {
+                let key = rng.gen_bounded(MAX_KEY + 1);
+                let val = rng.gen();
+                insert_fn(&mut queue, &mut shadow_queue, key, val);
+                continue;
+            }
+            op -= INSERT_WEIGHT;
+            if op < INSERT_AND_MARK_WEIGHT {
+                let key = rng.gen_bounded(MAX_KEY + 1);
+                let val = rng.gen();
+                insert_and_mark_fn(&mut queue, &mut shadow_queue, key, val);
+                continue;
+            }
+            op -= INSERT_AND_MARK_WEIGHT;
+            if op < PULL_WEIGHT {
+                pull_fn(&mut queue, &mut shadow_queue);
+                continue;
+            }
+            delete_marked_fn(&mut queue, &mut shadow_queue);
+        }
+    }
+}

asynchronix/src/util/priority_queue.rs

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl<K: Copy + Ord, V> PriorityQueue<K, V> {
 
 #[cfg(all(test, not(asynchronix_loom)))]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
+    use super::PriorityQueue;
 
     #[test]
     fn priority_smoke() {

asynchronix/src/util/rng.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 //! Pseudo-random number generation.
 
-#![allow(unused)]
-
 use std::cell::Cell;
 
 /// A pseudo-random generator for 64-bit integers based on Wang Yi's Wyrand.

asynchronix/src/util/seq_futures.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
-//! Futures and future-related functions.
+//! Sequential composition of futures into a single future.
-
-#![allow(unused)]
 
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
 
 /// An owned future which sequentially polls a collection of futures.
@@ -53,39 +49,3 @@ impl<F: Future + Unpin> Future for SeqFuture<F> {
         Poll::Pending
     }
 }
-
-trait RevocableFuture: Future {
-    fn is_revoked() -> bool;
-}
-
-struct NeverRevokedFuture<F> {
-    inner: F,
-}
-
-impl<F: Future> NeverRevokedFuture<F> {
-    fn new(fut: F) -> Self {
-        Self { inner: fut }
-    }
-}
-impl<T: Future> Future for NeverRevokedFuture<T> {
-    type Output = T::Output;
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn poll(
-        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> std::task::Poll<Self::Output> {
-        unsafe { self.map_unchecked_mut(|s| &mut s.inner).poll(cx) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Future> RevocableFuture for NeverRevokedFuture<T> {
-    fn is_revoked() -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-}
-
-struct ConcurrentlyRevocableFuture<F> {
-    inner: F,
-    is_revoked: Arc<AtomicBool>,
-}

asynchronix/src/util/slot.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 //! A primitive similar to a one-shot channel but without any signaling
 //! capability.
 
-#![allow(unused)]
-
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
@@ -327,8 +325,6 @@ pub(crate) fn slot<T>() -> (SlotWriter<T>, SlotReader<T>) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
-    use std::io::Read;
-    use std::sync::Arc;
     use std::thread;
 
     #[test]
@@ -358,9 +354,9 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn slot_multi_threaded_write() {
-        let (mut writer, mut reader) = slot();
+        let (writer, mut reader) = slot();
 
-        let th = thread::spawn(move || {
+        thread::spawn(move || {
             assert!(writer.write(42).is_ok());
         });
 
@@ -370,15 +366,13 @@ mod tests {
                 return;
             }
         }
-
-        th.join().unwrap();
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn slot_multi_threaded_drop_writer() {
-        let (mut writer, mut reader) = slot::<i32>();
+        let (writer, mut reader) = slot::<i32>();
 
-        let th = thread::spawn(move || {
+        thread::spawn(move || {
             drop(writer);
         });
 
@@ -389,8 +383,6 @@ mod tests {
                 return;
             }
         }
-
-        th.join().unwrap();
     }
 }
 

asynchronix/src/util/spsc_queue.rs

@@ -1,393 +0,0 @@
-//! Single-producer single-consumer unbounded FIFO queue that stores values in
-//! fixed-size memory segments.
-
-#![allow(unused)]
-
-use std::cell::Cell;
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
-use std::panic::{RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
-use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-
-use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
-
-use crate::loom_exports::cell::UnsafeCell;
-use crate::loom_exports::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicPtr};
-use crate::loom_exports::sync::Arc;
-
-/// The number of slots in a single segment.
-const SEGMENT_LEN: usize = 32;
-
-/// A slot containing a single value.
-struct Slot<T> {
-    has_value: AtomicBool,
-    value: UnsafeCell<MaybeUninit<T>>,
-}
-
-impl<T> Default for Slot<T> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Slot {
-            has_value: AtomicBool::new(false),
-            value: UnsafeCell::new(MaybeUninit::uninit()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A memory segment containing `SEGMENT_LEN` slots.
-struct Segment<T> {
-    /// Address of the next segment.
-    ///
-    /// A null pointer means that the next segment is not allocated yet.
-    next_segment: AtomicPtr<Segment<T>>,
-    data: [Slot<T>; SEGMENT_LEN],
-}
-
-impl<T> Segment<T> {
-    /// Allocates a new segment.
-    fn allocate_new() -> NonNull<Self> {
-        let segment = Self {
-            next_segment: AtomicPtr::new(ptr::null_mut()),
-            data: Default::default(),
-        };
-
-        // Safety: the pointer is non-null since it comes from a box.
-        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(Box::into_raw(Box::new(segment))) }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The head of the queue from which values are popped.
-struct Head<T> {
-    /// Pointer to the segment at the head of the queue.
-    segment: NonNull<Segment<T>>,
-    /// Index of the next value to be read.
-    ///
-    /// If the index is equal to the segment length, it is necessary to move to
-    /// the next segment before the next value can be read.
-    next_read_idx: usize,
-}
-
-/// The tail of the queue to which values are pushed.
-struct Tail<T> {
-    /// Pointer to the segment at the tail of the queue.
-    segment: NonNull<Segment<T>>,
-    /// Index of the next value to be written.
-    ///
-    /// If the index is equal to the segment length, a new segment must be
-    /// allocated before a new value can be written.
-    next_write_idx: usize,
-}
-
-/// A single-producer, single-consumer unbounded FIFO queue.
-struct Queue<T> {
-    head: CachePadded<UnsafeCell<Head<T>>>,
-    tail: CachePadded<UnsafeCell<Tail<T>>>,
-}
-
-impl<T> Queue<T> {
-    /// Creates a new queue.
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let segment = Segment::allocate_new();
-
-        let head = Head {
-            segment,
-            next_read_idx: 0,
-        };
-        let tail = Tail {
-            segment,
-            next_write_idx: 0,
-        };
-
-        Self {
-            head: CachePadded::new(UnsafeCell::new(head)),
-            tail: CachePadded::new(UnsafeCell::new(tail)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Pushes a new value.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// The method cannot be called from multiple threads concurrently.
-    unsafe fn push(&self, value: T) {
-        // Safety: this is the only thread accessing the tail.
-        let tail = self.tail.with_mut(|p| &mut *p);
-
-        // If the whole segment has been written, allocate a new segment.
-        if tail.next_write_idx == SEGMENT_LEN {
-            let old_segment = tail.segment;
-            tail.segment = Segment::allocate_new();
-
-            // Safety: the old segment is still allocated since the consumer
-            // cannot deallocate it before `next_segment` is set to a non-null
-            // value.
-            old_segment
-                .as_ref()
-                .next_segment
-                .store(tail.segment.as_ptr(), Ordering::Release);
-
-            tail.next_write_idx = 0;
-        }
-
-        // Safety: the tail segment is allocated since the consumer cannot
-        // deallocate it before `next_segment` is set to a non-null value.
-        let data = &tail.segment.as_ref().data[tail.next_write_idx];
-
-        // Safety: we have exclusive access to the slot value since the consumer
-        // cannot access it before `has_value` is set to true.
-        data.value.with_mut(|p| (*p).write(value));
-
-        // Ordering: this Release store synchronizes with the Acquire load in
-        // `pop` and ensures that the value is visible to the consumer once
-        // `has_value` reads `true`.
-        data.has_value.store(true, Ordering::Release);
-
-        tail.next_write_idx += 1;
-    }
-
-    /// Pops a new value.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// The method cannot be called from multiple threads concurrently.
-    unsafe fn pop(&self) -> Option<T> {
-        // Safety: this is the only thread accessing the head.
-        let head = self.head.with_mut(|p| &mut *p);
-
-        // If the whole segment has been read, try to move to the next segment.
-        if head.next_read_idx == SEGMENT_LEN {
-            // Read the next segment or return `None` if it is not ready yet.
-            //
-            // Safety: the head segment is still allocated since we are the only
-            // thread that can deallocate it.
-            let next_segment = head.segment.as_ref().next_segment.load(Ordering::Acquire);
-            let next_segment = NonNull::new(next_segment)?;
-
-            // Deallocate the old segment.
-            //
-            // Safety: the pointer was initialized from a box and the segment is
-            // still allocated since we are the only thread that can deallocate
-            // it.
-            let _ = Box::from_raw(head.segment.as_ptr());
-
-            // Update the segment and the next index.
-            head.segment = next_segment;
-            head.next_read_idx = 0;
-        }
-
-        let data = &head.segment.as_ref().data[head.next_read_idx];
-
-        // Ordering: this Acquire load synchronizes with the Release store in
-        // `push` and ensures that the value is visible once `has_value` reads
-        // `true`.
-        if !data.has_value.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        // Safety: since `has_value` is `true` then we have exclusive ownership
-        // of the value and we know that it was initialized.
-        let value = data.value.with(|p| (*p).assume_init_read());
-
-        head.next_read_idx += 1;
-
-        Some(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Drop for Queue<T> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            // Drop all values.
-            while self.pop().is_some() {}
-
-            // All values have been dropped: the last segment can be freed.
-
-            // Safety: this is the only thread accessing the head since both the
-            // consumer and producer have been dropped.
-            let head = self.head.with_mut(|p| &mut *p);
-
-            // Safety: the pointer was initialized from a box and the segment is
-            // still allocated since we are the only thread that can deallocate
-            // it.
-            let _ = Box::from_raw(head.segment.as_ptr());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for Queue<T> {}
-unsafe impl<T: Send> Sync for Queue<T> {}
-
-impl<T> UnwindSafe for Queue<T> {}
-impl<T> RefUnwindSafe for Queue<T> {}
-
-/// A handle to a single-producer, single-consumer queue that can push values.
-pub(crate) struct Producer<T> {
-    queue: Arc<Queue<T>>,
-    _non_sync_phantom: PhantomData<Cell<()>>,
-}
-impl<T> Producer<T> {
-    /// Pushes a value to the queue.
-    pub(crate) fn push(&self, value: T) -> Result<(), PushError> {
-        if Arc::strong_count(&self.queue) == 1 {
-            return Err(PushError {});
-        }
-
-        unsafe { self.queue.push(value) };
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
-/// Error returned when a push failed due to the consumer being dropped.
-pub(crate) struct PushError {}
-
-impl fmt::Display for PushError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "sending message into a closed mailbox")
-    }
-}
-
-impl Error for PushError {}
-
-/// A handle to a single-producer, single-consumer queue that can pop values.
-pub(crate) struct Consumer<T> {
-    queue: Arc<Queue<T>>,
-    _non_sync_phantom: PhantomData<Cell<()>>,
-}
-impl<T> Consumer<T> {
-    /// Pops a value from the queue.
-    pub(crate) fn pop(&self) -> Option<T> {
-        unsafe { self.queue.pop() }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Creates the producer and consumer handles of a single-producer,
-/// single-consumer queue.
-pub(crate) fn spsc_queue<T>() -> (Producer<T>, Consumer<T>) {
-    let queue = Arc::new(Queue::new());
-
-    let producer = Producer {
-        queue: queue.clone(),
-        _non_sync_phantom: PhantomData,
-    };
-    let consumer = Consumer {
-        queue,
-        _non_sync_phantom: PhantomData,
-    };
-
-    (producer, consumer)
-}
-
-/// Loom tests.
-#[cfg(all(test, not(asynchronix_loom)))]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    use std::thread;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn spsc_queue_basic() {
-        const VALUE_COUNT: usize = if cfg!(miri) { 1000 } else { 100_000 };
-
-        let (producer, consumer) = spsc_queue();
-
-        let th = thread::spawn(move || {
-            for i in 0..VALUE_COUNT {
-                let value = loop {
-                    if let Some(v) = consumer.pop() {
-                        break v;
-                    }
-                };
-
-                assert_eq!(value, i);
-            }
-        });
-
-        for i in 0..VALUE_COUNT {
-            producer.push(i).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        th.join().unwrap();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Loom tests.
-#[cfg(all(test, asynchronix_loom))]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    use loom::model::Builder;
-    use loom::thread;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn loom_spsc_queue_basic() {
-        const DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND: usize = 4;
-        const VALUE_COUNT: usize = 10;
-
-        let mut builder = Builder::new();
-        if builder.preemption_bound.is_none() {
-            builder.preemption_bound = Some(DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND);
-        }
-
-        builder.check(move || {
-            let (producer, consumer) = spsc_queue();
-
-            let th = thread::spawn(move || {
-                let mut value = 0;
-                for _ in 0..VALUE_COUNT {
-                    if let Some(v) = consumer.pop() {
-                        assert_eq!(v, value);
-                        value += 1;
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-
-            for i in 0..VALUE_COUNT {
-                let _ = producer.push(i);
-            }
-
-            th.join().unwrap();
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn loom_spsc_queue_new_segment() {
-        const DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND: usize = 4;
-        const VALUE_COUNT_BEFORE: usize = 5;
-        const VALUE_COUNT_AFTER: usize = 5;
-
-        let mut builder = Builder::new();
-        if builder.preemption_bound.is_none() {
-            builder.preemption_bound = Some(DEFAULT_PREEMPTION_BOUND);
-        }
-
-        builder.check(move || {
-            let (producer, consumer) = spsc_queue();
-
-            // Fill up the first segment except for the last `VALUE_COUNT_BEFORE` slots.
-            for i in 0..(SEGMENT_LEN - VALUE_COUNT_BEFORE) {
-                producer.push(i).unwrap();
-                consumer.pop();
-            }
-
-            let th = thread::spawn(move || {
-                let mut value = SEGMENT_LEN - VALUE_COUNT_BEFORE;
-                for _ in (SEGMENT_LEN - VALUE_COUNT_BEFORE)..(SEGMENT_LEN + VALUE_COUNT_AFTER) {
-                    if let Some(v) = consumer.pop() {
-                        assert_eq!(v, value);
-                        value += 1;
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-
-            for i in (SEGMENT_LEN - VALUE_COUNT_BEFORE)..(SEGMENT_LEN + VALUE_COUNT_AFTER) {
-                let _ = producer.push(i);
-            }
-
-            th.join().unwrap();
-        });
-    }
-}

asynchronix/src/util/task_set.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! Primitive for the efficient management of concurrent tasks.
+
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -21,31 +23,36 @@ const COUNTDOWN_MASK: u64 = !INDEX_MASK;
 /// scheduled tasks.
 const COUNTDOWN_ONE: u64 = 1 << 32;
 
-/// A set of tasks that may be scheduled cheaply and can be requested to wake a
+/// A primitive that simplifies the management of a set of tasks scheduled
-/// parent task only when a given amount of tasks have been scheduled.
+/// concurrently.
 ///
-/// This object maintains both a list of all active tasks and a list of the
+/// A `TaskSet` maintains both a vector-based list of tasks (or more accurately,
-/// subset of active tasks currently scheduled. The latter is stored in a
+/// task waker handles) and a linked list of the subset of tasks that are
-/// Treiber stack which links tasks through indices rather than pointers. Using
+/// currently scheduled. The latter is stored in a vector-based Treiber stack
-/// indices has two advantages: (i) it enables a fully safe implementation and
+/// which links tasks through indices rather than pointers. Using indices has
-/// (ii) it makes it possible to use a single CAS to simultaneously move the
+/// two advantages: (i) it makes a fully safe implementation possible and (ii)
-/// head and decrement the outstanding amount of tasks to be scheduled before
+/// it can take advantage of a single CAS to simultaneously move the head and
-/// the parent task is notified.
+/// decrement the outstanding amount of tasks to be scheduled before the parent
-pub(super) struct TaskSet {
+/// task is notified.
-    /// Set of all active tasks, scheduled or not.
 ///
-    /// In some rare cases, the back of the vector can also contain inactive
+/// This can be used to implement primitives similar to `FuturesOrdered` or
-    /// (retired) tasks.
+/// `FuturesUnordered` in the `futures` crate.
+///
+/// The `notify_count` argument of `TaskSet::take_scheduled()` can be set to
+/// more than 1 to wake the parent task less frequently. For instance, if
+/// `notify_count` is set to the number of pending sub-tasks, the parent task
+/// will only be woken once all subtasks have been woken.
+
+pub(crate) struct TaskSet {
+    /// Set of all tasks, scheduled or not.
+    ///
+    /// In some cases, the use of `resize()` to shrink the task set may leave
+    /// inactive tasks at the back of the vector, in which case the length of
+    /// the vector will exceed `task_count`.
     tasks: Vec<Arc<Task>>,
-    /// Head of the Treiber stack for scheduled tasks.
+    /// Shared Treiber stack head and parent task notifier.
-    ///
+    shared: Arc<Shared>,
-    /// The lower bits specify the index of the last scheduled task, if any,
+    /// Count of all tasks, scheduled or not.
-    /// whereas the upper bits specify the countdown of tasks still to be
-    /// scheduled before the parent task is notified.
-    head: Arc<AtomicU64>,
-    /// A notifier used to wake the parent task.
-    notifier: WakeSource,
-    /// Count of all active tasks, scheduled or not.
     task_count: usize,
 }
 
@@ -53,35 +60,71 @@ impl TaskSet {
     /// Creates an initially empty set of tasks associated to the parent task
     /// which notifier is provided.
     #[allow(clippy::assertions_on_constants)]
-    pub(super) fn new(notifier: WakeSource) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(notifier: WakeSource) -> Self {
         // Only 32-bit targets and above are supported.
         assert!(usize::BITS >= u32::BITS);
 
         Self {
             tasks: Vec::new(),
-            head: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(EMPTY as u64)),
+            shared: Arc::new(Shared {
+                head: AtomicU64::new(EMPTY as u64),
                 notifier,
+            }),
             task_count: 0,
         }
     }
 
-    /// Steals scheduled tasks if any and returns an iterator over their
+    /// Creates a set of `len` tasks associated to the parent task which
-    /// indices, otherwise returns `None` and requests a notification to be sent
+    /// notifier is provided.
-    /// after `notify_count` tasks have been scheduled.
+    #[allow(clippy::assertions_on_constants)]
+    pub(crate) fn with_len(notifier: WakeSource, len: usize) -> Self {
+        // Only 32-bit targets and above are supported.
+        assert!(usize::BITS >= u32::BITS);
+
+        assert!(len <= EMPTY as usize && len <= SLEEPING as usize);
+        let len = len as u32;
+
+        let shared = Arc::new(Shared {
+            head: AtomicU64::new(EMPTY as u64),
+            notifier,
+        });
+
+        let tasks: Vec<_> = (0..len)
+            .map(|idx| {
+                Arc::new(Task {
+                    idx,
+                    shared: shared.clone(),
+                    next: AtomicU32::new(SLEEPING),
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Self {
+            tasks,
+            shared,
+            task_count: len as usize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Take all scheduled tasks and returns an iterator over their indices, or
+    /// if there are no currently scheduled tasks returns `None` and requests a
+    /// notification to be sent after `notify_count` tasks have been scheduled.
     ///
-    /// In all cases, the list of scheduled tasks is guaranteed to be empty
+    /// In all cases, the list of scheduled tasks will be empty right after this
-    /// after this call.
+    /// call.
     ///
-    /// If some tasks were stolen, no notification is requested.
+    /// If there were scheduled tasks, no notification is requested because this
+    /// method is expected to be called repeatedly until it returns `None`.
+    /// Failure to do so will result in missed notifications.
     ///
-    /// If no tasks were stolen, the notification is guaranteed to be triggered
+    /// If no tasks were scheduled, the notification is guaranteed to be
-    /// no later than after `notify_count` tasks have been scheduled, though it
+    /// triggered no later than after `notify_count` tasks have been scheduled,
-    /// may in some cases be triggered earlier. If the specified `notify_count`
+    /// though it may in some cases be triggered earlier. If the specified
-    /// is zero then no notification is requested.
+    /// `notify_count` is zero then no notification is requested.
-    pub(super) fn steal_scheduled(&self, notify_count: usize) -> Option<TaskIterator<'_>> {
+    pub(crate) fn take_scheduled(&self, notify_count: usize) -> Option<TaskIterator<'_>> {
         let countdown = u32::try_from(notify_count).unwrap();
 
-        let mut head = self.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let mut head = self.shared.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
         loop {
             let new_head = if head & INDEX_MASK == EMPTY as u64 {
                 (countdown as u64 * COUNTDOWN_ONE) | EMPTY as u64
@@ -93,7 +136,7 @@ impl TaskSet {
             // operations in `Task::wake_by_ref` and ensures that all memory
             // operations performed during and before the tasks were scheduled
             // become visible.
-            match self.head.compare_exchange_weak(
+            match self.shared.head.compare_exchange_weak(
                 head,
                 new_head,
                 Ordering::Acquire,
@@ -122,22 +165,22 @@ impl TaskSet {
     /// notification is currently requested.
     ///
     /// All discarded tasks are put in the sleeping (unscheduled) state.
-    pub(super) fn discard_scheduled(&self) {
+    pub(crate) fn discard_scheduled(&self) {
-        if self.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed) != EMPTY as u64 {
+        if self.shared.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed) != EMPTY as u64 {
             // Dropping the iterator ensures that all tasks are put in the
             // sleeping state.
-            let _ = self.steal_scheduled(0);
+            let _ = self.take_scheduled(0);
         }
     }
 
-    /// Modify the number of active tasks.
+    /// Set the number of active tasks.
     ///
-    /// Note that this method may discard all scheduled tasks.
+    /// Note that this method may discard already scheduled tasks.
     ///
     /// # Panic
     ///
     /// This method will panic if `len` is greater than `u32::MAX - 1`.
-    pub(super) fn resize(&mut self, len: usize) {
+    pub(crate) fn resize(&mut self, len: usize) {
         assert!(len <= EMPTY as usize && len <= SLEEPING as usize);
 
         self.task_count = len;
@@ -149,37 +192,46 @@ impl TaskSet {
 
                 self.tasks.push(Arc::new(Task {
                     idx,
-                    notifier: self.notifier.clone(),
+                    shared: self.shared.clone(),
                     next: AtomicU32::new(SLEEPING),
-                    head: self.head.clone(),
                 }));
             }
 
             return;
         }
 
-        // Try to remove inactive tasks.
+        // Try to shrink the vector of tasks.
         //
-        // The main issue when shrinking the set of active tasks is that stale
+        // The main issue when shrinking the vector of tasks is that stale
         // wakers may still be around and may at any moment be scheduled and
-        // insert their index in the list of scheduled tasks. If it cannot be
+        // insert their task index in the list of scheduled tasks. If it cannot
-        // guaranteed that this will not happen, then a reference to that task
+        // be guaranteed that this will not happen, then the vector of tasks
-        // must be kept or the iterator for scheduled tasks will panic when
+        // cannot be shrunk further, otherwise the iterator for scheduled tasks
-        // indexing a stale task.
+        // will later fail when reaching a task with an invalid index.
         //
-        // To prevent an inactive task from being spuriously scheduled, it is
+        // We follow a 2-steps strategy:
-        // enough to pretend that the task is already scheduled by setting its
+        //
-        // `next` field to anything else than `SLEEPING`. However, this could
+        // 1) remove all tasks currently in the list of scheduled task and set
-        // race if the task has just set its `next` field but has not yet
+        // them to `SLEEPING` state in case some of them might have an index
-        // updated the head of the list of scheduled tasks, so this can only be
+        // that will be invalidated when the vector of tasks is shrunk;
-        // done reliably if the task is currently sleeping.
+        //
+        // 2) attempt to iteratively shrink the vector of tasks by removing
+        //    tasks starting from the back of the vector:
+        //   - If a task is in the `SLEEPING` state, then its `next` pointer is
+        //     changed to an arbitrary value other than`SLEEPING`, but the task
+        //     is not inserted in the list of scheduled tasks; this way, the
+        //     task will be effectively rendered inactive. The task can now be
+        //     removed from the vector.
+        //   - If a task is found in a non-`SLEEPING` state (meaning that there
+        //     was a race and the task was scheduled after step 1) then abandon
+        //     further shrinking and leave this task in the vector; the iterator
+        //     for scheduled tasks mitigates such situation by only yielding
+        //     task indices that are within the expected range.
 
-        // All scheduled tasks are first unscheduled in case some of them are
+        // Step 1: unscheduled tasks that may be scheduled.
-        // now inactive.
         self.discard_scheduled();
 
-        // The position of tasks in the set must stay consistent with their
+        // Step 2: attempt to remove tasks starting at the back of the vector.
-        // associated index so tasks are popped from the back.
         while self.tasks.len() > len {
             // There is at least one task since `len()` was non-zero.
             let task = self.tasks.last().unwrap();
@@ -200,11 +252,11 @@ impl TaskSet {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if one or more tasks are currently scheduled.
+    /// Returns `true` if one or more sub-tasks are currently scheduled.
-    pub(super) fn has_scheduled(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn has_scheduled(&self) -> bool {
         // Ordering: the content of the head is only used as an advisory flag so
         // Relaxed ordering is sufficient.
-        self.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed) & INDEX_MASK != EMPTY as u64
+        self.shared.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed) & INDEX_MASK != EMPTY as u64
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to the waker associated to the active task with the
@@ -214,29 +266,36 @@ impl TaskSet {
     ///
     /// This method will panic if there is no active task with the provided
     /// index.
-    pub(super) fn waker_of(&self, idx: usize) -> WakerRef {
+    pub(crate) fn waker_of(&self, idx: usize) -> WakerRef {
         assert!(idx < self.task_count);
 
         waker_ref(&self.tasks[idx])
     }
 }
 
+/// Internals shared between a `TaskSet` and its associated `Task`s.
+struct Shared {
+    /// Head of the Treiber stack for scheduled tasks.
+    ///
+    /// The lower 32 bits specify the index of the last scheduled task (the
+    /// actual head), if any, whereas the upper 32 bits specify the countdown of
+    /// tasks still to be scheduled before the parent task is notified.
+    head: AtomicU64,
+    /// A notifier used to wake the parent task.
+    notifier: WakeSource,
+}
+
 /// An asynchronous task associated with the future of a sender.
-pub(super) struct Task {
+struct Task {
     /// Index of this task.
     idx: u32,
-    /// A notifier triggered once a certain number of tasks have been scheduled.
-    notifier: WakeSource,
     /// Index of the next task in the list of scheduled tasks.
     next: AtomicU32,
     /// Head of the list of scheduled tasks.
-    head: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+    shared: Arc<Shared>,
 }
 
 impl ArcWake for Task {
-    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
-        Self::wake_by_ref(&self);
-    }
     fn wake_by_ref(arc_self: &Arc<Self>) {
         let mut next = arc_self.next.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
 
@@ -251,7 +310,7 @@ impl ArcWake for Task {
                 // CAS on the head already ensure that all memory operations
                 // that precede this call to `wake_by_ref` become visible when
                 // the tasks are stolen.
-                let head = arc_self.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+                let head = arc_self.shared.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
                 match arc_self.next.compare_exchange_weak(
                     SLEEPING,
                     (head & INDEX_MASK) as u32,
@@ -297,7 +356,7 @@ impl ArcWake for Task {
             // that the value of the `next` field as well as all memory
             // operations that precede this call to `wake_by_ref` become visible
             // when the tasks are stolen.
-            match arc_self.head.compare_exchange_weak(
+            match arc_self.shared.head.compare_exchange_weak(
                 head,
                 new_head,
                 Ordering::Release,
@@ -307,7 +366,7 @@ impl ArcWake for Task {
                     // If the countdown has just been cleared, it is necessary
                     // to send a notification.
                     if countdown == COUNTDOWN_ONE {
-                        arc_self.notifier.notify();
+                        arc_self.shared.notifier.notify();
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -339,7 +398,7 @@ impl ArcWake for Task {
 }
 
 /// An iterator over scheduled tasks.
-pub(super) struct TaskIterator<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct TaskIterator<'a> {
     task_list: &'a TaskSet,
     next_index: u32,
 }

asynchronix/tests/model_scheduling.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+use asynchronix::model::Model;
+use asynchronix::ports::{EventBuffer, Output};
 use asynchronix::simulation::{Mailbox, SimInit};
-use asynchronix::time::{EventKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
+use asynchronix::time::{ActionKey, MonotonicTime, Scheduler};
 
 #[test]
 fn model_schedule_event() {
@@ -27,13 +28,14 @@ fn model_schedule_event() {
     let mut model = TestModel::default();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let mut output = model.output.connect_stream().0;
+    let mut output = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.output.connect_sink(&output);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
     let mut simu = SimInit::new().add_model(model, mbox).init(t0);
 
-    simu.send_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
+    simu.process_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
     simu.step();
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t0 + Duration::from_secs(2));
     assert!(output.next().is_some());
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ fn model_cancel_future_keyed_event() {
     #[derive(Default)]
     struct TestModel {
         output: Output<i32>,
-        key: Option<EventKey>,
+        key: Option<ActionKey>,
     }
     impl TestModel {
         fn trigger(&mut self, _: (), scheduler: &Scheduler<Self>) {
@@ -71,13 +73,14 @@ fn model_cancel_future_keyed_event() {
     let mut model = TestModel::default();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let mut output = model.output.connect_stream().0;
+    let mut output = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.output.connect_sink(&output);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
     let mut simu = SimInit::new().add_model(model, mbox).init(t0);
 
-    simu.send_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
+    simu.process_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
     simu.step();
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t0 + Duration::from_secs(1));
     assert_eq!(output.next(), Some(1));
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ fn model_cancel_same_time_keyed_event() {
     #[derive(Default)]
     struct TestModel {
         output: Output<i32>,
-        key: Option<EventKey>,
+        key: Option<ActionKey>,
     }
     impl TestModel {
         fn trigger(&mut self, _: (), scheduler: &Scheduler<Self>) {
@@ -116,13 +119,14 @@ fn model_cancel_same_time_keyed_event() {
     let mut model = TestModel::default();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let mut output = model.output.connect_stream().0;
+    let mut output = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.output.connect_sink(&output);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
     let mut simu = SimInit::new().add_model(model, mbox).init(t0);
 
-    simu.send_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
+    simu.process_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
     simu.step();
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t0 + Duration::from_secs(2));
     assert_eq!(output.next(), Some(1));
@@ -157,13 +161,14 @@ fn model_schedule_periodic_event() {
     let mut model = TestModel::default();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let mut output = model.output.connect_stream().0;
+    let mut output = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.output.connect_sink(&output);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
     let mut simu = SimInit::new().add_model(model, mbox).init(t0);
 
-    simu.send_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
+    simu.process_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
 
     // Move to the next events at t0 + 2s + k*3s.
     for k in 0..10 {
@@ -182,7 +187,7 @@ fn model_cancel_periodic_event() {
     #[derive(Default)]
     struct TestModel {
         output: Output<()>,
-        key: Option<EventKey>,
+        key: Option<ActionKey>,
     }
     impl TestModel {
         fn trigger(&mut self, _: (), scheduler: &Scheduler<Self>) {
@@ -206,13 +211,14 @@ fn model_cancel_periodic_event() {
     let mut model = TestModel::default();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let mut output = model.output.connect_stream().0;
+    let mut output = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.output.connect_sink(&output);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let t0 = MonotonicTime::EPOCH;
     let mut simu = SimInit::new().add_model(model, mbox).init(t0);
 
-    simu.send_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
+    simu.process_event(TestModel::trigger, (), addr);
 
     simu.step();
     assert_eq!(simu.time(), t0 + Duration::from_secs(2));

asynchronix/tests/simulation_scheduling.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use asynchronix::model::{Model, Output};
+use asynchronix::model::Model;
-use asynchronix::simulation::{Address, EventStream, Mailbox, SimInit, Simulation};
+use asynchronix::ports::{EventBuffer, Output};
+use asynchronix::simulation::{Address, Mailbox, SimInit, Simulation};
 use asynchronix::time::MonotonicTime;
 
 // Input-to-output pass-through model.
@@ -26,12 +27,13 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> Model for PassThroughModel<T> {}
 /// output) running as fast as possible.
 fn passthrough_bench<T: Clone + Send + 'static>(
     t0: MonotonicTime,
-) -> (Simulation, Address<PassThroughModel<T>>, EventStream<T>) {
+) -> (Simulation, Address<PassThroughModel<T>>, EventBuffer<T>) {
     // Bench assembly.
     let mut model = PassThroughModel::new();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let out_stream = model.output.connect_stream().0;
+    let out_stream = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.output.connect_sink(&out_stream);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let simu = SimInit::new().add_model(model, mbox).init(t0);
@@ -243,18 +245,20 @@ fn timestamp_bench(
 ) -> (
     Simulation,
     Address<TimestampModel>,
-    EventStream<(Instant, SystemTime)>,
+    EventBuffer<(Instant, SystemTime)>,
 ) {
     // Bench assembly.
     let mut model = TimestampModel::default();
     let mbox = Mailbox::new();
 
-    let stamp_stream = model.stamp.connect_stream().0;
+    let stamp_stream = EventBuffer::new();
+    model.stamp.connect_sink(&stamp_stream);
     let addr = mbox.address();
 
     let simu = SimInit::new()
         .add_model(model, mbox)
-        .init_with_clock(t0, clock);
+        .set_clock(clock)
+        .init(t0);
 
     (simu, addr, stamp_stream)
 }